The Loss of Freedom in Modern America Essay -- Argumentative Persuasiv

The Loss of Freedom in Modern America    Society exists in two realms: public and private.   Thousands of years ago, the public realm was clearly defined as the political arena, where men interacted one with another, and the private realm dwelled among the work and labor of man.   The progression from ancient Greece to modern day society has blurred the defining line between the two due to the increasing influence of money.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Greek society, the public realm was a place of action: a place to achieve freedom.   As time progressed, wealth increased among individuals, making it less defined.   These changes blurred the division between public and private realms because the public realm became controlled by wealth.   This forced many out of the public realm and into the private realm, making it more difficult to achieve freedom.   Simultaneously, individual thinking led to an increase in knowledge about the world in general, leading to disproving what man commonly accepted as fact until that point.   Now freedom was no longer as easily attainable and man's necessity for freedom merged into the private realm of work and labor.   Therefore as the society progressed, individuality decreased and public and private realms were not as distinctly separable as they once were.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In today's society, this blurred definition of what is necessary and free and how it is obtained is observed in modern America.   Over the years, politics in general are no longer a public arena where every man can achieve freedom.   In America, there is a representative democracy, in which the people elect represent... ... loss of individuality in the public realm and the increase in conformity in society has led to some extreme expressions of desires for freedom.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In conclusion, society was at one time clearly defined by public and private realms.   The first was a place to achieve individual freedom while the other was a way to obtain basic human necessities through work and labor.   Throughout the ages, there has been a progressive diminishment of the definition between these two realms of society due to the increasing influence of wealth on the public realm.   As a result, individuals have become frustrated, for they can no longer achieve freedom in the public realm.   Now, they result to extreme forms of expression to achieve their necessity of freedom in the hybrid society where public and private realms coexist.

Education policy Essay

Education the basic need Object of Education: Importance of Education: Background of Pakistan’s Educational System Educational System in Pakistan: Key Performance Indicators for Education Systems PROBLEMS OF EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN 1. Medium of Education: 2. Disparity of System at Provincial Level: 3. Gender Discrimination: 4. Lack of Technical Education:: 5. Low allocation of funds: 6. Inefficient Teachers: 7. Poverty: 8. Corruption: 9. Social imbalance: 10. Mismanagement of System: 11. Infrastructure Problems: 12. Private school system: 13. Lack of educational policies: 14. Increase in population: 15. Lack of attention of the authorities: 16. Lack of uniform educational system: 17. Medium of Instruction: 18. Education as a business: 19. Delay in renewal of policies and syllabus 20. Political Interference: SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS FOR EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM: 1. English should be medium of Instruction: 2. Talented and qualified Staff 3. Fulfill the lack of teachers 4. Primary education should be made compulsory: 5. Increase in teachers incentives 6. Translation of foreign research to local language 7. Check on distinctive education:- 8. Scholarships and financial support to students: 9. Special Financial packages: 10. Betterment of education policies and teachers workshop: 11. Infused Technical Education: 12. Promotion of primary education: Conclusion Essay Education the basic need Education is the light of the life. Education proves to one of the most important factors for the development of human civilization. Education enhances human status and leads everyone to propriety. it is a continuous and lifelong process. It attributes most important, precious and permanent property of an individual. Education provides manpower, strengthens national unity and uplifts public awareness. It invites positive and constructive change in life. It makes our life really prosperous and meaningful. Everyone wants to be well educated. Life can be successful by the help of appropriate education. Educated person can only judge what is correct and what is wrong And takes the appropriate and right decision but uneducated person fails to do so. Object of Education: Robert Maynard Hutchins describes it as â€Å"The object of education is to prepare the young to educate themselves throughout their lives. † We should give our youth the way to educate themselves. Edward Everett said that â€Å"Education is a better safeguard of liberty than a standing army. † Importance of Education: We all know the importance of education. It is the most important aspect of any nation’s survival today. Education builds the nations; it determines the future of a nation. ISLAM also tells us about Education and its importance. The real essence of Education according to ISLAM is â€Å"to know ALLAH† but I think in our country we truly lost. Neither our schools nor our madrassa’s (Islamic Education Centres) are truly educating our youth in this regard. In schools, we are just preparing them for â€Å"Money†. We aren’t educating them we are just preparing â€Å"Money Machines†. We are only increasing the burden of the books for our children and just enrolling them in a reputed, big school for what, just for social status On the other hand in our madrassas we are preparing people who finds very difficult to adjust in the modern society. Sometimes it seems that they are from another planet. A madrassa student can’t compete even in our country then the World is so far from him. He finds very difficult to even speak to a school boy. It is crystal clear that Islamic Education is necessary for Muslims but it is also a fact that without modern education no one can compete in this world. There are many examples of Muslim Scholars who not only study the Holy Quraan but also mastered the other subjects like Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Astronomy and many more, with the help of Holy Quraan. I think with the current education system we are narrowing the way for our children instead of widening it. There is no doubt that our children are very talented, both in schools and in madrassas, we just need to give them proper ways to groom, give them the space to become Quaid-E-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Allama Iqbal, Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Alberoni, Abnalhasam, or Einstein, Newton, Thomas Edison. The education system we are running with is not working anymore. We have to find a way to bridge this gap between school and madrassa. Background of Pakistan’s Educational System Numerous international assessments could explore that Pakistan is lagging behind many countries in achieving the Education for All goal (EFA). We were the signatory to the treaty under Dakar Framework where it was decided by all the developing countries that they will be trying to achieve the target of EFI in the meeting held in Senegal in 2000. UNESCO rates in Pakistan are at a lower EFA development Index (EDI) because of low; enrolment at primary school, adult literacy, gender equity and equality, equalities in education and quality of education. The adult literacy in Pakistan, in spite of concerted efforts, fail to go beyond the border line of 50 percent. The women literacy is much more belittling as thirty three percent of the adult women cannot even read. The more embracing would be that we would not be catching the target to achieve the adult literacy by 2015. Progress towards the achievement of the targets is exceptionally slow, while gender parity goal is at risk of not being achieved by 2015. Moreover, more than 6 million children are out of school. Educational System in Pakistan: Education system in Pakistan is really having a bad configuration at the moment. There is no doubt in accepting the fact that education stands the backbone for the development of nations. Looking at the history of nations, we may safely reach the conclusion that the advanced nations of the world could reach the zenith of prestige and power taking support from education. The allocations for education are too meager, and in spite of allocation, the amount is not spent for what it was meant for as the corruption is found in all the tiers of education and also because of the same delivery from the government institutions that is much below the desired and aspired levels. Private education in Pakistan is far reaching for the poor and the turnover of this quality education does not serve the country the way they are supposed to. Planning for education does not go in congruence with the needs and implement remains ever ignored, so by this way the system is getting more spoiled rather than flourishing. Our universities have failed to produce the planners, developers, implementers, and decision makers. Rather the turnover is a mismatch with the ground realities, the half backed persons we are producing are of no use to us. The students we come across are degree seekers rather than the knowledge. The increase in number of colleges and universities does not mean that we are going by the standards rather these are worsening, a simple evidence of which is that no Pakistani university could find a space among the top 1000 universities of the world. The socio-economic scenario is directly attached with the status of Education in the country. The developed world managed to scale up their education in line with the needs and market requirements. Despite the recent achievements, a lot more is needed to be done as the country still faces numerous challenges which cause deterrence. We are under obligation to raise the education of our population to the level of our South Asian neighbors, to combat our own social and economic wants to the satisfactory level. The very scale of Pakistan’s education sector — more than 150,000 public education institutions serving over 21 million students and a huge private sector that serves another 12 million – presents formidable challenges. Education is found to be the cheapest and tangible defense mechanism for a nation on the social, political, and economic fronts. But the down trodden condition of education in Pakistan bears an ample testimony of the fact that it is unable to defend its own sector. Over the span of 64 years, the nation has been given the 23 policies and action plans but we could not start the march towards success and are waiting for a savior who could take the system out of turmoil. There were ample spending in the government of Pervaiz Musharraf on education and due to which, we could see the visible positive educational change in Pakistani society. Currently the economic situation in Pakistan is under severe stress and education sector has received the highest impact in Pakistan. The Constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan has led to the fact in the following words, â€Å"The state of Pakistan shall remove illiteracy and provide free and compulsory secondary education within minimum possible period. † In Human development Report, Pakistan is placed at 136th position because its 49. 9% population comes under the definition of education. The dropout rate is alarmingly high at the primary level; consequently, it is revealed by the Data Center of UNESCO, that 33. 8% females and 47. 18% in males could pass through the most initial level of education. We may be conclusive about the ground reality that people in the 6th largest country of the world have no access to the basic education even. Key Performance Indicators for Education Systems The frequently used indicators for assessing education and its systems are adult literacy rates, male and female enrollment at different levels of education, participation rate in the different areas of the country; the dropout rates, the amount of resources allocated to education as a proportion of the GDP and some measures of the quality of education being pursued. At the moment, the workability of these indicators rests on the footing of authenticated and recent data so that the planning details may be worked out with confidence. Irony of fate, the indicators, their footings and the quality of data all want more authenticity, but unfortunately, Pakistan’s record lacks objectivity and rationality on all counts. PROBLEMS OF EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN 1. Medium of Education: The system of education in Pakistan is operative in match with the local needs and ground realities. It is almost a decisive factor that the education in the mother tongue surrenders more dividends but we have the system more segregated and diversified just contrary to our requirements. A good example of it is that we fail to decide about the Medium of education over the span of 64 years. Different mediums are operational in both, public and private sector. This creates a sort of disparity among people, dividing them into two segments. 21. Disparity of System at Provincial Level:: The Regions of Pakistan in the name of provinces are not at par as regards the infrastructure, availability of staff, their training, content mastery allocation of resources and their utilization. This develops a disparity not only in the system but in the turnover too. There is a need to revisit the schools in Baluchistan (The Largest Province of Pakistan by area) because these are not that much groomed as that of Punjab (The Largest Province of Pakistan by Population). In FATA, the literacy rate is deplorable constituting 29. 5% in males and 3% in females. The conditions are to be made more congenial about teaching and learning in all parts of the country without any discretion. 22. Gender Discrimination:: We should have know how of the population comprising females, unfortunately their education is not attended to the way it was deemed fit. The gender discrimination is a cause that is contributing towards the low participation rate of girls at the basic level of education. The male and female participation ratio is projected at the primary school in the shape of ratio of boys & girls as 10:4 respectively. In the decade passed, government invited private sector to shoulder the responsibility of education of the youth. The intent was also to provide the education at the doorstep to the children especially the female students. The private sector took up the challenge and there was an increase in the growth of private schools but this step didn’t cause the increase in the students or the quality. The masses could not be attracted because of precious education. It created clear cut tiers of society and created a gap among those with the haves and have not’s. 23. Lack of Technical Education:: There is a craze for the white collar jobs for the same pupils. Select the general rut of education, though they have the least tilt or the capacity to cope with the demands. China, Japan and Germany have the ruts for those who have a taste for and do not achieve the excellence in the general rut of education. We have kept the opportunities open for all to participate in general education at all levels especially the university level. We could not attract the general masses towards technical education making them to earn of their own act as the entrepreneurs and make their living without being the burden on the government. Education system is needed to be revamped making a space for the science, IT, management, and pupil with the excellence to go to the higher education pursuing the education of their own choice. Lesser emphasis on technical education means the lesser manpower for industry and hence the lesser finance generation. 24. Low allocation of funds:: The allocation of funds for education is very low as it never went beyond 1. 5 to 2. 0 percent of the total GDP. Even this amount was not utilized and had to be surrendered back to the government because of want of expertise and the knowledge of codal formalities and in time release of funds. There is a need to increase it around 7% of the total GDP keeping in view the allocations by the neighboring countries, there is also a need to rationalize the share at the different levels not ignoring any. 25. Inefficient Teachers:: Government fails to attract the potential candidates for teaching with the zeal vigor and excellent carrier. Teaching is rated as the lowest among the jobs for the youth, because of lesser incentives, slow promotions and lesser fringe benefits. The teachers in government schools are not well groomed and equipped with knowledge and training. People who do not get job in any other sector, they try their luck in educational system. There is a need to reorganize pre-service and in-service trainings making them matched with the requirements rather to keep them ideal, unique and novel. 26. Poverty:: Poverty is growing over the years. The average class is vanishing like anything. It happens to be a curse for the nation that exists without having the average income group. The escalation of poverty has restricted the parents to send their children to tasks for child labor or at least to public or private schools. In these schools, the drop out is very high because schools are not the attractive places, the curriculum is dry and the teaching does not match the live situations. Poor parents are constrained to send their children to madressahs where the education is totally free. 27. Corruption:: Corruption causes the educational policies, plans and projects to fail because of being the major contributing factor. There is no accountability and transparency in the system, the salaries are low, the incentives are too less to be accounted and even those are uneven. An estimated Rs. 2,594 million out of a total of Rs. 7,016 million provided for improvement of school facilities such as buildings, electricity, drinkable water, etc had gone unaccounted during the fiscal periods 2001-06 (UNESCO Bano, 2007). Similarly, more than 70% literacy centers in Punjab remained inoperative or exist only on paper (ADBP, 2007). The chances of ghost schools should be evaded by involving the community in the processes of inspection and monitoring. 28. Social imbalance:: The students from the elite class follow the â€Å"O† and â€Å"A† levels curriculum instead of Pakistan’s routine orthodox and stagnant curriculum. They have little or no awareness of their religion and culture whereas those passing out from Urdu medium schools are usually destined to work in clerical and lower level positions. Religious madrassas churn out yet another class that is usually unaware of the world outside their own perception. 29. Mismanagement of System:: Teachers’ absenteeism, poor professional training, sub-standard materials and obsolete teaching methods act as the major contributive factors towards the low enrolment in schools. Burki (2005), opines that most of the public schools are either mismanaged or poorly managed. They are found imparting education of second-rate quality through substandard textbooks and curricula that do not cater the needs of the 21st century. The education should be based on learning outcomes through suggesting multiple books rather than following a single book as an obligation. 30. Infrastructure Problems:: The dropout rate of those lucky enough to be enrolled goes beyond 45% as has been divulged by the several reports. Most of the public sector educational institutions stay in a status of poor condition lacking even basic facilities, resultantly shaking the presupposed standards of education. There are four areas that snivel for pressing concentration which are curriculum, textbooks, examinations, and teacher training (Hoodbhoy, 2001). The textbooks need be made more facilitating, student and learning friendly. 31. Private school system:: Private Schools in Pakistan enroll more students than in other countries of the region. They least bother about the capacity and facilities available, they rather over burden the teaching staff. The rapid mushroom growth of private schools and academies of teaching reflect the people’s lack of trust in the public sector schools coupled with a deficiency of sufficient educational institutions to cater to the needs of the fast growing population. However, there are certain private schools which are slightly better than the public ones. In the elite schools where the quality education is offered, heavy fees is charged that continues to be a problem. These private sectors schools are meant only for a special sector of the population and are out of the reach of general masses. The private sector schools should be brought under the control of rules making these somewhat accessible for the common population. 32. Lack of educational policies:: The National Education Policy (1998-2010) was developed prior to Dakar. It has a clear cut vision and direction to support the education department. Since the 2001, the Ministry of Education has developed a number of policy documents including that of National Education policy (2009) but the endeavors remain focused on paper work more rather than the operationalization, though the involvement of NGOs and international development agencies is very much there. The simple reason is that the plans are vicious and not the ground reality based. The policies should be environment friendly. . 33. Increase in population:: Literacy in Pakistan has risen from 45 to 54 percent within the span of 2002 to 2006, simultaneously primary enrollment rates have also increased from 42 to 52 percent. The population explosion could not enable to catch the targets. In spite of the increase in the certain parameters, the participation rate in Pakistan remains the lowest in South Asia. Alongside it, there are marked male-female, inter-regional and rural-urban disparities: Only 22 percent of girls, compared to 47 percent boys, complete primary schooling. Female literacy in rural Baluchistan is only 32 percent compared to high urban male literacy rates (and 80 percent among the urban male in Sindh) 34. Lack of attention of the authorities:: Most of the criticisms leveled against the education procedures and practices may be rationalized through improving governance and accountability. It would be tangible and workable if we could go for considering the merit, enabling capacity building, increasing investments in education as an industry and finally giving the heir and fire powers to the administrative heads. The private sector and the banks should finance the educational milieu with confidence, as at the moment, we are spending 2. 3 percent of GDP which is the lowest in South Asia. 35. Lack of uniform educational system:: There is a crying need for quality which calls for homogeneity among the procedural formalities like the observance of the curriculum. Had it been uniform the working for it, further extension becomes easier and getting the intellect skimmed out of masses becomes possible. Currently, the poor are deprived of education in the elite institutions which are causing the development of a special class. This class doesn’t work for the nation; they work elsewhere but are fed through the national resources. 36. Medium of Instruction:: We took a long period in deciding that what our medium of instruction would be, till now we don’t have a clear picture before us. It is good to have the National language as the medium of communication provided; we have a rich treasure of knowledge. In our case, we do not fail to develop Urdu to cope with the intellectual needs nor do we translate the treasure of knowledge available for our national use. 37. Education as a business:: Education has been pursued by some of the people as an industry but because of being illiterates, they fail to cope up with the stipulated standards. The leader with vision spoils the mission as well as the projects undertaken. Their only intent is money making that has caused the decay in the standards, induction of sub-standard staff, and depriving the deserving to grow. They don’t want to catch with the move of success but they try to be good entrepreneurs. 38. Delay in renewal of policies and syllabus/Political Interference:: There is a need to continuously update the curriculum because if it goes stale, it does not equip the beneficiaries with the saleable skills and expertise. At the first place, the problems cited have arisen due to lack of commitment and inefficient management on the part of state. The policies lack long term vision and its implementation strategies are being affected by undue political interference. In addition to it, the measures taken are not evidence based and geared by the vested interests of the authorities. Whatever strategies have been applied failed to promote the rational and critical thinking skills amongst the students. At the second place, we find lack of resource commitment and realistic implementation alongside poor allocated resource utilization. As relevant statistics are not available, implementation of the education policy has not been successfully executed. At the third place, we come across weak budgetary planning because of staggered data and least coordination among the data maintaining units (USAID, 2006). The coordination, match with the assessment, project design and implementation are not to the desired level within the government and with the donor agencies. The harmonization is missing too between the federal and provincial governments which cause drastic problems in the policy implementation. The policy formulating, planning and implementing bodies work in isolation as the water tight compartments. The government’s consultation is very much restricted and does not go beyond its specific quarters. It should have to be extended to non-state sectors to initiate and mobilize the action. Teachers does not normally form the part of policy making process, hence the process of sharing and consultation remains missing. It leads to implementation of educational policies without consultation, thus the efforts go in vain (UNESCO, 2007). Over the span of time, what we have learnt is to go for dialogue, and keeping the private and public sector on board. The matter of access to education and challenges to quality remain at stake as being unresolved despite much policy deliberation. Recently, Minister of Education announced a new Education policy for that next 10 years ignoring the fact that the previous educational policy span still persists that was from 1998 to 2010. The policy has projected new plans and promises to the nation pointing to the fact that all the public schools will be raised to the level of private schools within the shortest period of time. In the absence of a plan of action, the suggested plan of action would not work. The schools have been put under obligation to use the national curriculum and encourage the students of 5th and 8th class to take board exams. This has disturbed the students of private sector also. It is urged that the Universities should be the research centre’s and must not be allowed to act as the examining bodies for graduate or post-graduate examinations. Allocations are supposed to be made to the aspired levels as UNO suggests a country to allocate at least four percent of its GDP towards education but here in Pakistan we are just allocating less than two percents of GDP. Even that is not fully utilized because of procedural formalities. Suggested Solutions for Educational System: 13. English should be medium of Instruction: English language should be the medium of instruction from beginning to the higher levels of learning. National language should be a supporting language for communication facilitation and every day business. Efforts should be made to enhance the knowledge treasure in the national language through translation of the research based information. 14. Talented and qualified Staff Hiring should be made from amongst the highly qualified and the teachers should be paid not according to the level of education but the qualification of the staff. 15. Fulfill the lack of teachers: Efforts should be made to bring down the student-teacher ratio to 15:1 in lieu of current 40:1. Consequently, the number of teachers will have to be enhanced, leading to the rise in number of teachers and enabling the competent persons to be inducted to the system of education. 16. Primary education should be made compulsory: Primary education should be made compulsory and free (it is already free of cost but not compulsory). It should also be made appealing, impressive, interesting and utilitarian to attract the general masses. 17. Increase in teachers incentives Teachers should be offered more financial benefits by increasing their pays. 18. Translation of foreign research to local language University professors should be encouraged to conduct and share the research to the concerned stakeholders. They should also be asked to translate the foreign research into local languages for sharing it with the lower formations of education enabling them to implement/take benefit out of it. 19. Check on distinctive education:- Government should strictly check all private educational institutions for keeping a balance of standards and level of practices. 20. Scholarships and financial support to students: Students should be offered more scholarships and government should support the intelligent and outstanding students to prosper, develop and serve their local community rather than migrating to the big cities. 21. Special Financial packages: The dilemma here in Pakistan is that students are genius but they use their intelligence in negative way, hence, contributing nothing towards the development of country. Another problem with Pakistan is brain drain. Capable and outstanding professionals prefer foreign jobs instead of serving in their own country. This is due to the low financial benefits and indifferent attitude of government towards them. Recently Government should provide them facilities and special financial packages to encourage them to stay in their own country. 22. Betterment of education policies and teachers workshop: In the view of importance of education, the Government should take solid steps towards implementation instead of projecting policies. In this regard, the allocations should be made easy and timely from provinces to districts and then to educational institutes. Workshops must be arranged for teachers as a continuous feature for learning. 23. Infused Technical Education: Technical education should be infused into the regular system stream. The education board of Punjab has projected a plan to give tech- education to the children of industrial workers. 24. Promotion of primary education: Promotion of the primary education should be made possible by consulting teachers, professors and educationists while devising any plan, syllabus or policy for it. There should be a balance in reliance on public and private for enabling education to reach the general masses in its true shape. Students’ outlook is to be broadened by taking them out of the books into the practical realities. Education is the only cure of disability of the state and for bringing revolution through evolution and by eradicating the social evils through education. Conclusion Education serves as the backbone for the development of nations. The countries with the effective impressive need oriented, saleable and effective system of education comes out to be the leaders of the world, both socially and economically. It is only education which can turn a burden of population into productive human resource. Pakistan’s current state demands that the allocations for education be doubled to meet the challenges of EFI, gender disparity and provision of teachers in the work places earlier than 2018 as per stipulated qualifications. Millennium Development Goals are yet to be realized latest by 2015. The natural calamities, political turbulence, provincialisms, and political motivations make the best planned, fail. The allocations towards the sector of education could not be enhanced because of the earlier. We have to revisit our priorities to keep the country on the track of progress.

I Am Becoming A Young Adult And Learning - 844 Words

We encounter problems everyday, such as, waking up late or loosing the car keys. These problems often have easy fixes, but other times we are faced with big problems. Such as: getting in to a wreck or having to find a new job. As I am becoming a young adult and learning more about our society I have encountered a problem that requires a major amount of time and effort to be fixed. Misunderstanding the word and concept feminism is a problem that I have experienced myself, and I have found many others do as well. I was able to find a solution to my problem, but others have not which is why I would like to take the time to educate as many as I can. Feminism is often associated with negative and selfish actions. When people hear the word feminism many think it is about women being better than men because it has the root of female, but that is not the case at all. The word feminism originated in 1837 when French philosopher, Charles Fouriere first coined the term feminisme. He advocated the freedom of women because he believed we were not treated equally. At the time women were not able to vote, own a job, and education was limited. Women were ruled by male figures, and if they did not belong to a male household they were shunned by society and had little means of getting money. The feminist movement was never about women being superior to men. It is about women being equal to men, but it is not called equalism since women have always been given a lesser value or placeShow MoreRelatedHigh Education Is Not Much Learning898 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal Development Many young adults believe that after high school there is not much learning that goes on any more, they believe that in higher education learning requires more memorization than it does basic understanding and comprehension. I believe this belief that many have to be false. Higher education help to teach about important information for a persons desired career but also teaches about one’s own personal strengths and weaknesses. Through my own learning over this year and specificallyRead MoreHow An Empowering Environment Helps Promote All Children s Play And Learning1679 Words   |  7 PagesFor this assignment I have decided to look into how an enabling environment helps to promote all children’s play and learning. It is important that every setting creates an enabling environment in the indoor classroom and the outside area for the children to learn and play in. â€Å"The environment plays a key role in supporting and extending children’s development and learni ng.† An enabling environment provides babies, children and young people with the freedom to play. This is because the children feelRead MoreMy Parent s Relationship With My Parents1674 Words   |  7 Pagescourse of my parent’s relationship as I was growing up has a lot to do with how I view relationships; but aside from my parents, my mother’s family had a lot to do with some of the norms and values that I have today in regards to sexual relationships and sexuality. Along with learning about sexual relationships based on the view of my family, I also learned and have been affected in my adult life about gender roles as well. My parents were my main source of learning about relationships. My parents metRead MoreYoung Adult Life Stage1412 Words   |  6 PagesThe Young Adult Life Stage | Adult Development amp; Aging, BSHS 371 | Roxanne Arballo September, 2011 | THE YOUNG ADULT LIFE STAGE Stress in the young adult life stage seems more prevalent in todays society. One very important point is that kids are growing up much faster, taking on more responsibilities that years ago might not have been faced for another 5, 10, and 20 years later. Culture has a very big part in the onset of adult roles at varied ages. The transitionRead MoreYoung Adults Are Becoming Lost Arts Essay1248 Words   |  5 Pagestoday believe reading in young adults are becoming lost arts. Millennials have been perceived by news articles, older generations, and most of society that reading is a feature of the past. According to a study, mentioned later, done on a college campus maybe the older generations are terribly wrong. Reading is what morphs a person into who they. Maybe millennials are reading, but just not in the same manner or ways as older generations. My first experience with reading, that I can remember, was inRead MoreWhy Is A College Education Important to Me? Essays751 Words   |  4 PagesEducation Important to Me? Henry Ford, said, â€Å"Anyone who stops learning is old, whether at twenty or eighty. Anyone who keeps learning stays young.† For years, I thought I was just too old to return to school. However, for 20 years, I’ve worked in a career that provided great financial stability, but it never brought happiness. When I was laid-off, I made the decision to not return to the corporate world; instead, I started my process of becoming a successful counselor and motivational speaker. SpendingRead MoreThe, All About Jazz, On The Learning Channel ( Tlc )1671 Words   |  7 Pagespresented what it takes and the meaning to become a transgender. Jazz Jennings is a young teenage girl who is a transgender and has her own show called I Am Jazz that people can watch and really see how some transgender people are treated. I watched the very first episode which was called, â€Å"All About Jazz† on The Learning Channel (TLC) that was very informative, focusing in on an adolescentâ⠂¬â„¢s perspective on becoming transgender. The stereotype of transgender people, including adolescents should beRead MoreThe Process Of Becoming An Adult1420 Words   |  6 Pageslot of developing steps when going from a child to an adult. I have had a lot of rewarding experiences and non-rewarding while growing into the adult I am today. There have been a lot of obstacles that came into my path, but I have overcome each one of them. The process of becoming an adult has two main stages: adolescence and early adulthood. I am thankful for how I have grown throughout my years of transforming into an adult. As a young child I would had a lot exercise and physical movement to gainRead MoreGraduation Speech : Students With Disabilities1157 Words   |  5 Pagesclichà ©, but I was born to teach students with disabilities. Growing up, I had the best example to follow. My mother actively taught special education for 31 years and seeing her interaction with students created a passion i n me to do the same thing. Even at a young age, it was evident that I wanted to be a teacher: from forcing my younger brother to sit still and play â€Å"school† with me, to spending my free time volunteering in special needs classrooms during middle and high school. As I grew olderRead MoreCollege : Is The Juice Worth The Squeeze?1302 Words   |  6 Pagessocial issues, and the fear of not having a definitive career path. This all leads to the questions â€Å"why am I here†? â€Å"What is the true purpose of college?† Many writers have described these struggles in great detail. They feel the reward for overcoming these struggles is intellectual growth. This growth is achieved by challenging themselves, acquiring knowledge in multiple fields, and learning how to become an essential part of society. An effective way for students to achieve intellectual

Media Project - 1616 Words

Art as Technique 1. Defamiliarization is stripping objects or subjects from their individual or â€Å"familiar† characteristics and giving them unusual or â€Å"unfamiliar† traits to allow the reader to see it in a whole new perspective. An example of this is in Tolstoys defamiliarization of spanking, explaining the act as â€Å"to strip people who have broken the law, to hurl them to the floor, and to rap on their bottoms with switches.† The crude description removes the disciplinary context it had and creates a vicious and â€Å"savage† form of abuse. This continues with Tolstoy saying â€Å"Just why precisely this stupid, savage means of causing pain and not any other – why not prick the shoulders or any part of the body with needles, squeeze the hands†¦show more content†¦Or maybe the author was condemning the emotionless proposals of actual politicians in the time period that only focused on the economic growth of the country instead of focusing o n the ethical values that needed to be upheld. Either way, the author is critiquing the general lack of emotion towards the issue of Ireland. Politics and the English Language 1. When Orwell refers to dead metaphors, he means metaphors that have lost their authenticity and meaning, and has â€Å"†¦reverted to being an ordinary word and can generally be used without loss of vividness†, using iron resolution and fishing in troubled waters as examples. Original metaphors, ones that â€Å"evoke a visual image†, that he used to combat dying metaphors are â€Å"†¦more and more phrases being tacked together like the sections of a prefabricated hen-house† and â€Å"†¦an accumulation of stale phrases chokes him like tea leaves blocking a sink,†; successful at creating an original an authentic image in the readers mind. 2. I agree that politics and economics are a factor of the change in language over time. Major events in history almost always dictate what is appropriate to say and what should be omitted in texts or even in spoken language. An example of this in the real world is the denial of the Armenian Genocide being enforced so strongly in Turkey that several books of the subject were banned, as well as creating the veto of the adoption of â€Å"ArmenianShow MoreRelatedSocial Media On Project Management1912 Words   |  8 Pageswill explore a variety of literature connected with Social Media in Project Management. All relevant information connected with this topic of social media in project management will be closely studied and extracted from various sources such as books, journals and websites. Throughout this literature review a wide number of topics will be looked at such as, the growth of social media, the rise of social media, how exactly these social media tools are being used in businesses and simply how this trendRead MoreDigital Marketing And Social Media Project : Dove2535 Words   |  11 Pages DIGITAL MARKETING AND SOCIAL MEDIA PROJECT: DOVE ANALYZING REAL BEAUTY SKETCHES CAMPAIGN Nicolle Kayse Ferreira e Araujo Student Number: M00508064 Tutors Name: Jeffrey Pocock Final Word Count: 1147 words ABSTRACT This report is about how social media was important to transform Real Beauty Sketches Campaign into one of the most popular commercials of 2013. The literature review was searched by using online sourcesRead MoreEssay On Social Media Project737 Words   |  3 Pages Social Media Project The three schools I chose for this project are Miami University located in Miami, Florida division I school; DePaul University located in Chicago, Illinois non-football division I school; Delta State University located in Cleveland, Mississippi division II school. All three schools use various forms of social and after following all three schools I assess each school’s social networking strategies and I determine what was effective and ineffective and I made someRead MoreCritical Media Literacy Project878 Words   |  4 Pages People in the lower class are often portrayed as pitiful, unworthy, lazy people who aren’t good for anything. That is according to what the media shows us daily. Blue collar work is viewed as â€Å"real† work (Linkon). The lower, working class takes pride in what they do because they accomplish something that takes effort and skill. The working class requires effort and strength. There are good lower class citizens who work for the benefit of their communities. The working class is unfortunatelyRead MoreMarketing Research Project : Digital Media1497 Words   |  6 Pages Research Project # 2 Wyoma Svarczkopf Introduction to Marketing CUNY College of Staten Island 11/17/14 Professor Robert Allen Company Background Millennial Media (MM) is an independent platform for mobile advertising and was founded in May 2016 by Paul Palmieri and Chris Brandenburg. The stock symbol is MM and is traded under the categories: Other Services Related to Advertising, Other Advertising Services Direct Mail Advertising Services, and Advertising (New York Stock Exchange)Read MoreConstructivism and a Multi-media Project: Initial Questions and Problem768 Words   |  3 PagesTse-Kian. 2010. Students Perceptions in Developing a Multimedia Project within a Constructivist Learning Environment: A Malaysian Experience, Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, Retrieved from files.eric.ed.gov./filetext/EJ875781 Research Problem What are the research questions? What is the hypothesis being tested? The purpose of the research study is to investigate students’ perceptions in developing a multimedia project within a constructivist-based learning environment. Five majorRead MoreCommunication Techniques in a Professional Setting Media Project Outline1651 Words   |  7 PagesGrammarly Report generated on Mon, 27 Jul 2015 20:11 Grammarly DOCUMENT Page 1 of 9 ISSUES FOUND IN THIS TEXT 0 Contextual spelling 0 No errors Grammar 0 No errors Punctuation 0 No errors Sentence Structure 0 No errors Style 0 No errors Vocabulary enhancement 0 Checking disabled Grammarly Report generated on Mon, 27 Jul 2015 20:11 Grammarly NUR/405 Family Nursing Diagnoses Janet-Lee Matthie NUR/405 07/27/2015 BonnieRead MoreThe Media s Sense Of Identity And Culture.the Project Is Part Of A Third Year Media Studies Course Essay2493 Words   |  10 PagesThe following is a research report and the research done is aimed at understanding the way in which people consume online news and what role this plays in an individual s sense of identity and culture.The project is part of a third year Media Studies Course, MDIA 310 Cultural Identity and the Media at Victoria University of Wellington and is coordinated by Joost de Bruin, a Senior Lecturer at this university, each student in the class has undertaken the same research process. We were required toRead MoreAccording to the World Bank, PPP broadly refers to arrangements, typically medium to long term,800 Words   |  4 PagesPPP doesn’t work for all the sectors and GCC must be careful in adopting PPP for their various projects. It can help to improve the technology and national competitiveness by bringing in foreign companies with know-how and best practices. PPP will remove the expensive projects from the government balance sheet, transfer the risk from public to private and improve the speed and efficiency of the project. With the proper legal and governance framework designed, PPP can improve the investment climateRead MoreSocial Media Has Changed Society s Priorities, Characteristics, And Mentality1139 Words   |  5 Pagesbecome indulged with its copious functions, from making advanced programs to learning how to do new projects to social media. Social media has evolved over the years, from Friendster to Myspace to Facebook, since the late 1990 s, and people have incorporated it into their lives. It is the modern way for people to connect and communicate with anyone and everyone across the globe. Plus, social media is everywhere; people utilize it when they are on the bus, at the checkout line, and even when they

Beliefs of the Nature of the Universe Change with Cultural...

Many people have an opinion about the overall nature of the universe and about the role which humanity plays in the universe. For example, â€Å"Why are we here† and â€Å"What will happen to us after we die†? The majority of us don’t know the answers to these questions. Thus, many of us want to have a religion because it gives us the impression that we are secure in the universe. It also provides guidance in our life. I presume it’s easier to live with some sort of explanation, even if it’s incorrect. When asked, â€Å"What religion do you practice†? I reply, â€Å"I’m atheist†. I simply lack belief in deities. However, many people have preconceived ideas about what I am and what I am not. For instance, I don’t believe in God, I loathe Christians; I concur†¦show more content†¦On the weekends I hang out with my friends, go to the movies, and then prepare for the next day. Being an atheist can be difficult. It was my choice to become an atheist but I don’t have any desire to sway others to become atheists, it’s their choice. One of the things that are difficult for me is when the topic of religion is discussed. I understand people are entitled to their own opinions and I don’t think someone who believes in a god is wrong. However, I dislike when stereotype atheist as sinful and wicked people. It’s difficult to defend to others without seeming rude or hostile. Another thing that is difficult for me is when people try to preach their religion to me. I understand some religions teach that their religion is the only truth, and they want everyone around them to embrace it. However, it’s difficult to tell a person you don’t believe in their god without them getting offended and receiving negative comments. Being different in any way has its advantages and disadvantages. As an atheist, I am classified as a minority. After I discussed with my friends that I was an atheist, I started to receive the â€Å"cold shoulder†. None of my friends will communicate with me anymore and now I’m a pariah. However, I don’t regret telling them I’m atheist because now I have the great benefit of being true to myself. I no longer have to pretend and agree with someone’s religion that I don’t believe in. Although I lost myShow MoreRelatedThe Mega Marketing Of Depression898 Words   |  4 PagesCultural differences are celebrated as a way to welcome diversity in todays society. A culture defines the way individuals think by grouping likeminded individuals for the sake of society. Culture is defined as a shared belief, values, and behaviors amongst other individuals. With many individuals being a part of a certain culture, these individuals have different experience s. Essentially, having a different culture causes a different perception of the embodied experiences. Nature vs. Nurture isRead MoreMetaphors And The Natural World981 Words   |  4 Pagesto help us make sense of the world. A metaphor is defined as a figure of speech that identifies an object or an idea that is similar to an unrelated thing. The use of metaphors and the language that they portray help to create new insight into the universe. They not only help classify the natural world, and help interpret the scientific world, but they also set outlooks on individuals culture and society; however, some may argue that metaphors are an impractical use of our language that only complicateRead MoreHick ´s Hypothesis About Religions 1401 Words   |  6 Pagesare each describing a different aspect of the elephant. The same analogy can be applied to the major religions of the world. In 1973, John Hick discussed the idea for a paradigm shift in thinking about different religions in his book God and the Universe of Faiths. Hick suggested that each of worlds religions should be viewed as different human responses to one divine reality†¦. In a later book, Hick presented a theory that attempted to explain all the religions. Hick refers to this theory as aRead MoreThe Worldview And Its Impact On My Worldview1608 Words   |  7 Pagesyears my worldview has evolved from as a by product of cultural influence, to one steeped in my belief of God. However, until I got married 4 years ago, I had never actively worked on developing my Christian theistic worldview. Brown, Phillips and Stonestreet (2008) described a persons’ worldview as the framework that guides our beliefs and viewpoints (p. 21). With this in mind, I have established 3 main tenants of my worldview, God is, the universe was and morality will be. These are the foundationsRead MoreWhat Is Neutral An d Don t Force A?1321 Words   |  6 PagesQuestions are very useful methods for gaining information. They lead to discovery, creativity, growth, and change. However, not just any question can be informative and often times when a question is used incorrectly it can lead to extremely damaging and misleading results. For that reason, it is exceedingly important to ask the â€Å"right question† when pondering problematic conditions of this world. What questions are considered considered to be  ¨right questions ¨ and how do you formulate  ¨right questions ¨Read MoreEssay about Islam in the Era of Globalization1283 Words   |  6 Pagesfeeling and action. They all believe in and they are all committed to Islam and its values of doing good and spreading it. However the concrete reality is that natural barriers such as geography and ethnicity in addition to political, economic and cultural barriers, under colonialism and post colonial era have obstructed the supposed uni ty of the umma. Nevertheless, the challenges and dangers muslims have been facing in the contemporary world ought to revitalize the awareness of unity and integrityRead MoreThe Catholic Church Essay1741 Words   |  7 PagesCatholics were deeply spiritual people who once devoted their lives to the Church (inglis 2007). (Giddens, 2010) states religion is necessary and functional for human societies, not because it offers realistic or ‘true’ answers to the mysteries of the universe, but because it brings together communities of worshippers and constantly recreates social bonds and thus strengthens solidarity. Many people believe that Ireland is, in some official way, a Catholic country. While Catholics are, by a mile, theRead MoreChristian Worldview and Multiculturalism3014 Words   |  13 PagesThe Christian Worldview and Multiculralism Racial reconciliation should be a top priority for every Christian, of any race or cultural background. But will this demand for a multicultural center of learning produce a less prejudiced society? Multiculturalists insist on greater sensitivity towards, and increased inclusion of, racial minorities and women in society. Christians should endorse both of these goals. But many advocating multiculturalism go beyond these demands for sensitivity and inclusion;Read MoreDiscuss the Marketing Environment1583 Words   |  7 Pagesorganization. The Marketing Environment affects the organizations ability to build and maintain mutually beneficial relationships with its target customers. Through continuous monitoring its Marketing Environment a company must be able to anticipate change and act in a pro active way rather than leaving it to a reactive reaction. It must also keep up to date by realizing any effective changing forces. It does this by monitoring SWOT i.e. Strengths, Weaknesses, Op portunities and Threats. Obviously wantingRead MoreAnthropological Foundation of Educ.2510 Words   |  11 Pages) and especially the cultural development, customs, beliefs, etc, of man. * the science of man and his work (Herskovitz) * the scientific study of physical, social, and cultural development and behavior of human beings since their appearance on earth. (Jacobs and Stem) * the study of humankind, everywhere, throughout time, seeks to produce useful generalization about people and their behavior and to arrive at the fullest possible understanding of human diversity * the study of humankind

Discrimination Of Black Minority Youth Groups In Uk Free Essays

Abstract Debates and discussions on racial discrimination have in the recent years gained in intensity. Whilst discrimination seems to have declined over the past few decades, it is still very much alive and well as seen in the UK where the black youth continue to be marginalized in many areas including education and employment. It would be remiss for us to think that discrimination no longer exists in the society of today. We will write a custom essay sample on Discrimination Of Black Minority Youth Groups In Uk or any similar topic only for you Order Now People are still marginalized on a regular basis due to their race, religion, gender, class, sexual orientation and even their abilities In view of the above, this paper examines the discrimination of the black minority ethnic group of young people in the UK. It explores on the various ways in which this group of young people continue to be marginalized and discriminated against. The analysis also examines how anti-oppressive practice can help address these issues. This includes defining discrimination and anti-oppressive practice, discussing the models of discrimination and drawing on examples of work that is anti-discriminatory. Additionally, the paper provides a reflective summary on why anti-oppressive practice is key to understanding of the notion of self. Part 1: The discrimination of black minority youth groups in UK Discrimination is an umbrella term that encompasses the social injustices perpetuated by societal structural inequalities along the lines of gender, sexual orientation, race, identity and class which result in the unfair treatment of a certain group of people (Dumbrill 2009). It simply means the unjust or prejudicial treatment of certain categories of people on grounds of race, gender, religion or disability (Dumbrill 2009). Black youths still marginalized in many aspects in UK Whilst discrimination has declined in the recent years, black youths are still marginalized in a number of areas. In the youth justice system, the Black youths remain largely over-represented. This is evident in a recent government report by the Criminal Justice System Race Unit which pointed out that the black youth were six times more likely to be stopped and searched, and three times more likely to be arrested compared to their white counter parts (YJB 2010). Such controversial use of â€Å"stop and search† powers by the police gives a breeding ground for racism (Verkaik 2010). Moreover, they receive differential treatment within the youth justice system. According to statistical analysis by the Crown Prosecution service, it was found that young black defendants were twice more likely be denied bail compared to their white counterparts (May et al. 2010). These findings are further echoed in a recent study conducted by the Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC) which found that the Black and mixed-race youths were three times more likely than the white youths to be denied bail (May et al. 2010). The study also found that the difference in treatment in the youth justice system could not be accounted for by the criminal history of the defendants or by the severity of the crimes, indicating that they were being discriminated against (May et al. 2010). They also appear to be discriminated against in the education sector. Most the black youth are less likely to be enrolled in the most prestigious universities. Whilst the number of minority ethnic students joining universities had increased from 13% in 1995 to 23% in 2009, only a few of them were enrolled to the most prestigious universities with high employment rates (Runnymede Trust 2012). In 2009, 44% of the minority ethnic students attended post-1992 universities and only 8% joined Russel Group Universities (Runnymede Trust 2012). On the other hand, a large proportion of the white students attended prestigious universities. Unlike the black students, a vast majority of the white students (24%) joined Russell Group Universities (Runnymede Trust 2012). These trends have significant implications on the earnings and employment prospects of the black minority graduate students. The media also seems to contribute to their discrimination. Media is known to make vast exaggerations and sensationalizing events surrounding black youth crime, attaching a level of drama to make it newsworthy (Okoronkwo 2008). As noted by Dorfman (2001), 86% of white homicides are caused by the Caucasians yet only the least frequent killings-homicides that involve the black youth receive the most coverage. The recent 2007 killings of Kodjo Yenga and Adam Regis received vast coverage, with the media depicting the black community as highly dangerous (Okoronkwo 2008). The two deaths were central to the media reporting on the rise of knife and gun crime amongst the black community (Okoronkwo 2008). But is crime really that bad amongst the black community compared to the whiteIs media portrayal of the black youth crime in the UK exaggeratedMoreover, is the moral panic really justified? Black youths are also to blame The problem facing most of the black youth in the UK has loomed largely not only in media but also in academic research with many researchers highlighting the moral panic about drug dealing, rioting, mugging and knife and gun violence among others (Gunter 2010). However, this does not mean that the black youth groups are totally blameless. Whilst it is true that they are increasingly marginalized in many areas, it is also true that some of the black youth are influenced by popular youth cultures associated with the development of aggressive behaviours and those that perpetuate black stereotypes (Simpson 2012). A considerable proportion of them appear to perpetuate the black stereotype through their ignorance and idleness (Simpson 2012). Some appear to be driven by celebrity glamour, demanding materialistic gratification without putting any effort to achieve such success (Simpson 2012). Some of them prefer spending their money and time on material goods rather than their vocational courses (Simpson 2012). Others appear to chase a get-rich-quick scheme and those that try to seek employment are often quick to lose hope at the first failure (Simpson 2012). But of course, this is by no means limited to the black youth. This is also evident in the white and Asian youth groups. Overall, the black youths appear to be marginalized in the various areas discussed above. There is need for anti-oppressive practice to address the discrimination of black youths in the UK. Part 2: How anti-oppressive practice can address the discrimination of black youths in UK As defined by Dalrymple (2006), anti-oppressive practice involves recognizing the power imbalances and working towards promotion of change to redress the balance of power and to challenge the wider injustices in the society. Anti-oppressive practice is based on the recognition that: Society creates divisions based on gender, sexual orientation, race, identity and class (Wood Hine 2009) Some groups of people are believed to be more superior than others (Wood Hine 2009) Such beliefs are deeply embedded within institutional structures (Wood Hine 2009) In order to understand the workings of oppression, it is important to understand the different levels at which it occurs. This is reflected in Thompson’s PCS model, which views oppression and discrimination as occurring at three different levels: personal level, structural level and cultural level (Penhale 2008). The personal level relates to personal thoughts, attitudes, feelings and actions (Penhale 2008). At this level, individuals form and share their own beliefs and values. The ideals at this level are mainly based on personal experiences (Penhale 2008). The cultural level relates to the ‘commonalities’ or shared values (Penhale 2008). That is, the assumed consensus of what is good or bad and what is considered to be normal. The structural level is where systematic discrimination becomes institutionalized. At this level, oppression and discrimination are ‘sewn into the fabric’ of society through structures and institutions such as the media and the government (Penhale 2008). The three levels interact to create and re-create patterns of discrimination as seen in figure 1. Fig.1 Thompson’s PCS model (Penhale 2008). In this case, at the personal level, the direct discrimination of black youths is evident where they are stopped and searched by the police severely compared to their white counterparts. This implies that the police view the black youth as potentially dangerous individuals because of their colour. Such beliefs and attitudes serve as breeding grounds for racial discrimination. Anti-oppressive practices must thus address the disproportionate use of controversial â€Å"stop and search† powers in the UK. At the cultural level, we examine where the views come from. That is, the shared assumptions that are made about the black youths in the UK which contribute to their discrimination. This equally needs to be addressed by anti-oppressive practices. One way to address discrimination at the cultural levels is through the provision of diversity and cultural awareness training (Dominelli 2002). The black youths are also discriminated against at the structural level through media portrayal of the Black and Ethnic Minority groups as highly dangerous. In addressing such kind of discrimination, it is worth assessing whether media’s sensationalisation of events surrounding black youth crime is justified or whether the media attaches a level of drama just to make it newsworthy. It is clear from above that the three different levels must be taken into account in order for anti-oppressive practice to effectively address issues of discrimination. However, an important progress seems to have been made in addressing the discrimination of black minority groups. For example, in recognition of their over-representation within the youth justice system, an audit and planning process was initiated by Youth Justice Board (YJB) in 2004 (YJB 2004). The action plan required that the differences between ethnic composition of offenders in pre-court and post-court disposals be reduced (YJB 2004). This initiative was meant to address the issue of overrepresentation of the black minority groups in the juvenile justice system, hence improving confidence in UK youth justice system. The black minority ethnic groups have also benefited from affirmative action policies which have increased their opportunities for employment in areas that have in the past been closed to them (Herron 2010). Such policies take into consideration factors such as colour, race, religion, gender and national origin in order to benefit a group that is underrepresented in areas of employment, business and education (Leonard 1990). In this case, the policies ensure that the black minority ethnic groups are equally represented and included in government programs. The affirmative actions are implemented in pursuit of equality by ensuring that the black minority ethnic groups are also afforded preferential treatment under law especially in areas of employment, business and education (Herron 2010). Another anti-oppressive practice which has contributed towards combating discrimination in the UK is the provision of diversity and cultural awareness training. The provision of such training programs in institutional structures helps promote equality for everyone regardless of their identity, gender, national origin, race and colour (Darlymple 2006). Such initiatives indeed contribute to youth work values through their commitment to equal opportunity. Extensive research has also been conducted to identify the various areas where the black youth continue to be marginalized. However, there is need for research to move beyond the quantitative phase and instead focus on anti-oppressive practices for combating factors that result in the differential treatment of young people (Darlymple 2006). With regard to educational attainment, there is need to develop innovative practices for combating the lower educational attainment of the black minority ethnic groups and their exclusion from prestigious universities. There is also the need to extend the Race Relations (Amendment Act) 2000 to cover the private sector as well. The act requires all public authorities to carry out their functions in a manner that eliminates racial discrimination and promotes equal opportunities and good relations among the different races (CRE 2012). Employers in the public sector are required to assess the impact of their policies on recruitment of the different racial groups. Similarly, public schools and institutions are required by the Act to assess the impact of their policies on students, parents and staff from different races (CRE 2012). Whilst this policy plays a major role in the fight against racial discrimination, there is need to extend the Act to cover the private sector as well. Additionally, youth settings can develop schemes for ethnic minority monitoring. Sometimes a great deal of ethnic disadvantage especially in the private sector may be unintentional and may not be immediately recognized by senior management (Wood et al. 2009). Monitoring schemes can help identify such issues that remain largely unrecognized and inform institutional arrangements such as schools and organizations to address the weakness identified (Wood et al. 2009). Clearly, more work need to be done on anti-oppressive practices and policy interventions in order to effectively address the discrimination of black minority youth groups in UK. Part 3: Anti-oppressive practice key to understanding the notion of self. An important aspect to addressing the issue of discrimination is self-awareness. In other words, understanding how own self can contribute towards inequality and discrimination. As argued by Dominelli (2002), reflexivity and self-knowledge form the bedrock upon which anti-oppressive practitioners can build their interventions. The process of reflecting thus forms a core part of working in an anti-oppressive way. We live in a world with potentially contradictory identities and for us to co-exist in harmony, we must understand and appreciate the various aspects that shape and inform our identities. Practicing equality thus requires the need to identify and understand own self, recognize the differences between self and others, and to value the differences. It should be remembered that many aspects define our identities and determine how we view people and how others view us (Moore 2003). Factors such as our race, religion, values and beliefs shape our identities and differentiate us from others. In many of these factors, we tend to have little control and they enter our practice without our awareness (Moore 2003). Practicing equality requires that we value our differences as opposed to settling for a clone of oneself through demanding uniform conformity in others (Dominell 2002). Unless we follow this path, our reactions to ‘difference’ would remain one that involves control or domination of others (Dominell 2002). The casting of people in a subordinate status based on the actual or perceived differences is central to the process of ‘othering’ them, which denies hem their fundamental human rights (Dominell 2002). The politics of identity construction thus plays an important role in confronting oppression and addressing issues of discrimination (Dominell 2002). Practitioners must be aware of the social divisions that occur within the society and the nature of their interaction (Dominell 2002). Anti-oppressive practice require that we value our differences and develop an understanding of the other person’s identity and position while at the same time reflecting on the privileged nature of our own (Dominell 2002). The understanding of oneself is important in order to effectively engage with the others (Donell 2002). As such anti-oppressive practices, is key to understanding the notion of self. It challenges many own social norms and sharpens own senses towards issues of oppressions and discrimination (Dominell 2002). Conclusion It is clear from above that the black youths in the UK are still marginalized in many aspects. The young black and ethnic minority groups feature in any description of social discrimination and alienation; and are often seen as suffering in measures of poverty, underachievement in education, mental illness, exclusions from schools, unemployment and overrepresentation in youth justice systems. To effectively address the discrimination of black youths in UK, anti-oppressive practices must take into account the three levels at which discrimination occurs: personal, cultural and institutional. There is also need for research to move beyond the quantitative phase and to focus on interventions and policy initiatives that can help combat discrimination and oppression of marginalized groups in UK. There is also the need to reflect on self and examine the impact that we may have on others. Knowing oneself better equips a person to build interventions to address the issues of oppression and discrimination Reference Ball, J., Bowcott, O., Rogers, S., 2011. Race variation in jail sentences, study suggests. The Guardian Barn, R., 2001. Black youth on the margins: a research review. Joseph Rowntree Foundation Commission for Race Equality (CRE), 2012. Ethnic monitoring: a guide for public authorities. Commission for Race Equality Dalrymple, J., 2006. Anti-oppressive practice: social care and the law. McGraw-Hill International Dominelli, L., 2002. Anti-oppressive social work: theory and practice. Basingtoke, Palgrave Macmillan. Dorfman, L., 2001. Youth, Race Crime in the News [Online]. Available at: www.buildingblocksforyouth.org [Accessed on 5th May 2013]. Dumbrill, G., 2009. Anti-oppression in child welfare: laying the foundation for change. The Child Welfare Anti-Oppression Roundtable Gunter, A., 2010. Growing up badBlack youth, ‘Road’ culture and Badness in an East London Neighbourhood. The Tufnell Press Herron, R.C., 2010. Superficially similar but fundamentally different: a comparative analysis of US and UK affirmative action, Durham University Leonard, J.S., 1990. ‘The impact of affirmative action regulation and equal employment law on black employment’. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol.4 (4), pp.47-63 May, T., Gyateng, T. and Hough, M., 2010. Differential treatment in the Youth Justice System. Institute for Criminal Policy Research King’s College London. Moore, P., 2003. Critical components of an anti-oppressive framework. The International Childe and Youth Care Network. Okoronkwo, N.N., 2008. The phenomenon of black youth crime and how black youths are portrayed in the media in the United Kingdom: whether the portrayal can be considered exaggerated, or if the moral panic is in some way justified International Journal of Criminology Penhale, B., 2008. Working with vulnerable adults. Routledge publishers Runnymede Trust, 2011. Black students half as likely to achieve the English Baccalaureate http://www.runnymedetrust.org/uploads/EnglishBacpressrelease.pdf [accessed 5th May 2013] Runnymede Trust, 2012. Work and Pensions Committee – youth unemployment and the youth contract. Runnymede Trust. [viewed on 9th May 2013] available from http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201213/cmselect/cmworpen/151/151we14.htm Simpson, A., 2012. Black youth: luckless or lazyThe Voice TUC report, 2012. Youth unemployment and ethnicity. TUC Verkaik, R., 2010. Black and Asian youths still victims of rough justice. The Independent. Wood, J.J. and Hine, J., 2009. Work with young people: theory and policy for practice. Sage publications Wood, M., Hales, J., Purdon, S., Sejersen, T. and Hayllar, O., 2009. A test for racial discrimination in recruitment practice in British cities. National Centre for Social Research. Wortley, S. and Tanner, J., 2008. Discrimination or â€Å"good† policingThe racial profiling debate in Canada. Centre for excellence on Research on immigration and settlement (CERIS) . Youth Justice Board (YJB), 2004. Differences or discriminationYouth Justice Board Youth Justice Board, 2010. Exploring the needs of young Black and Minority Ethnic offenders and the provision of targeted interventions. Youth Justice Board How to cite Discrimination Of Black Minority Youth Groups In Uk, Essay examples

Structure of Business Process Modeling - Free Assignment Sample

Questions: 1. Describe the functional organisational structure. Why do you think this structure is so common? 2. What is the silo effect? Why does it exist? How can an organisation reduce or eliminate the silo effect? 3. What is a business processes? Why is a process view of organisations essential to becoming a successful manager? 4. Briefly describe the key business processes in terms of their key steps. 5. What are the three data groups defined within an ERP System (SAP). Give examples of each group. 6. Describe the client-server and service-oriented architectures. What are their advantages and disadvantages? 7. Briefly explain the three types of data in an enterprise system and how they are related. 8. Explain the relationship between client, company code, and plant in SAP ERP. What are these typically used to represent? 9. Why is the material master one of the most complex types of data in an ERP system? Provide some examples of data in a material master. 10. What are material types? Explain the four common material types in SAP ERP. 11. Explain the key organisational levels relevant to the purchasing process. 12. Briefly describe the steps in the procurement process explained in the lecture. What are some possible variations to this process? 13. Explain how the procurement process is integrated with other processes in an Organisation. 14. Briefly discuss the organisational levels relevant to the fulfilment process. Be sure to explain the relationships among the various levels. 15. Briefly discuss the master data relevant to the fulfilment process. Answers: 1. The functional organizational structure is one of the most common types of organizational structure that is used by the business organizations. The structure plays a significant role in order to divide the organizational structure into functions as well as departments. Moreover, each department divided by the structure is responsible to perform specific tasks, functions, and activities in an effective and a more comprehensive manner (Cant, Strydom, and Jooste, 2009). Along with this, each and every department is also liable to handle one major aspect related to the product/service. As per the functional organizational structure, the top management is responsible to coordinate the efforts of each department and also arrange them together to accomplish the goals of the organization. According to me, the functional organizational structure is so common. The main reason behind it is that this structure plays a critical role in order to sort out the activities of a business around areas of specialization (Leondes, 2010). Moreover, this structure does not locate responsibilities in one particular person/group; consequently, all the people have rights to show their skills and knowledge in their specialized areas. 2. The silo effect alludes as a lack of communication among employees within an organization; wherever different management groups work on different goals in place of working together. Silo effect exists because of each and every department works separately and also focuses on personal objectives. Moreover, an organization can reduce/ eliminate the silo effect with the help of numerous strategies. For case, the organization should oblige the employees to work together for the success and growth of the organization (Abedalla, 2014). Moreover, the organization should motivate the employees to share their innovative ideas, views, and perceptions to accomplish the goals and objectives of the organization in a cohesive way. 3. A business process refers as an activity or a set of tasks/activities that plays a significant role in order to accomplish the desired goals and objectives of the organization. Along with this, in todays more complex and challenging business era, a process view of organizations is essential to becoming a successful manager. The main reason behind it is that, it plays a major role in order to reduce the silo effect within the organization. Moreover, a process view is helpful for the managers in order to understand all the processes of the organizations to accomplish the desired outcomes in an effective and a more comprehensive manner (Weske, 2007). In addition to this, a process view is helpful for the managers to make use of processes as well as systems to complete the work required to accomplish their goals. In his way, it can be said that a process view is crucial to be a successful manager. 4. The procurement process, production process, and fulfillment process are the key business processes. These business processes in terms of their key steps are described as below: Procurement Process: The procurement process involves all the activities related to the purchase of the materials like raw materials that are required to produce products (Lacity, and Willcocks, 2015). Production Process: The production process engages the real manufacture of the products within the organization. The production process is concerned with obtaining required materials in an internal way. Apart from this, the procurement process is related with acquiring desired materials externally (Weske, 2007). Fulfillment Process: The fulfillment process is related to the selling of the product. The process involves all the major steps that are related to the selling and delivering of the products to the customers of the organization. 5. Master data group, real-time data group, and transaction data group are the three data groups defined within an ERP System. Master data group involves all the important data related to the system. Real-time data group is related to the data that are required by the user for a specific time period (Rthlin, 2010). Transaction data group involve the data related to the transfer of the data and information. 6. Client-Server Architectures: The client-server architectures play a significant role in order to distribute services as required by the clients. Along with this, servers that present services are treated in a different way from clients that make use of services (Christudas, and Barai, 2008). On the other hand, there are numerous advantages and disadvantages of the client-server architecture. Advantages: The major advantage of client-server architecture is that there is a centralized control. Servers help in order to manage the entire set-up in a proper manner. Moreover, proper management is also the other major advantage of client-server architecture. It is because of all the files are stored at the same place by the server (Zha, 2006). In addition, back-up recovery, up-gradation scalability, accessibility, and security are the other major advantages of the client-server architecture. Disadvantages: The major disadvantage of client-server architecture is the congestion in network. The main reason behind it is that too many requests from the clients may lead to blockage in the servers. Service-Oriented Architectures: The service-oriented architectures are architectural patterns in computer software design by which application components present services to other components all the way through a communications protocol. For case, a web service is a standard approach in order to make a reusable component available as well as accessible across the web (Christudas, and Barai, 2008). Along with this, there are numerous advantages and disadvantages of the service-oriented architecture. Advantages: Service reusability, greater reliability, easy maintainability, improved software quality, and so on are the major advantages of service-oriented architecture. Disadvantages: Complex service management, increased overhead, and high investment cost are the major disadvantages of service-oriented architecture (Zha, 2006). 7. Organizational data, master data, and transaction data are the three types of data that are used in an enterprise system and also work together to enhance the performance of the system and business. For case, the organizational plays a significant role in order to represent the structure of an enterprise. Along with this, companies, warehouses, sales regions, subsidiaries, storage areas, and factories, are the major examples of the organizational structure. Moreover, company code, client, and plant are the major instances of organizational data (Rthlin, 2010). On the other hand, master data plays a major role in order to signify entities linked with different processes of the business. Materials, vendors, and customers are the examples of master data. Apart from this, transaction data plays a vital role in order to reveal the outcomes of executing steps process, or transactions in an accurate way. Prices, quantities, dates, and payment delivery terms are the examples of transacti on data. Moreover, these all the data work together to make a transaction and to execute a specific task in an appropriate manner. 8. Client, company code, and plant in SAP ERP are related to each other. For case, a client is considered as the highest organizational level that plays a vital role to signify an enterprise consisting of numerous companies/subsidiaries. Along with this, each and every company within the enterprise is symbolized by a company code. A company code stands for a separate legal entity, and also measured as a central organizational element in financial accounting (Okungbowa, 2015). In addition to this, a plant is an organizational element that plays a significant role in order to perform multiple functions and multiple processes in an effective and a significant manner. 9. The material master is one of the most complex types of data in an ERP system. The main reason behind it is that material master is used by different processes and each process makes use of the material in a different manner. For that reason, each process may require the data about the material that are not required by the other process. Along with this, the material master groups divided these data into different categories in order to manage these data in an effective and a more comprehensive manner. The material master groups also put together the data that is related to one or more processes to make the task simple or easier (Wagner and Monk, 2008). Moreover, basic data, financial accounting data, and sales data are the examples of data in a material master. 10. Material types refer as the major categories of materials that are based on the use of materials in the operations activities of the business organizations. Along with this, raw materials (ROH), semi-finished goods (HALB), finished goods (FERT), and trading goods (HAWA) are the four common material types in SAP ERP (Sharma and Mutsaddi, 2010). These are explained as below: Raw Materials (ROH): ROH are acquired from a vendor and utilized in the production process. Semi-Finished Goods (HALB): HALB are produced in-house from other materials and also utilized in the production of a finished good (Williams, 2008). Finished Goods (FERT): FERT are produced by the production process from other materials, for example raw materials and semi-finished goods. Trading Goods (HAWA): HAWA are procured from a vendor and also resold to customers. 11. The key organizational levels relevant to the purchasing process are client, company code, and plant. A client represents to an endeavor that is involved numerous organizations or auxiliaries, each of which is spoken to by a company code. A plant is the area where the materials are obtained (Weele, 2009). 12. The procurement process is begun by a trigger, which is for the most part a need to gain materials or administrations. A buy order is then made. After a seller is chosen, a buy request is created, which references the buy order for the things required. At the point when the things arrive, they are examined and put away in stock. In addition to this, a brief span later a receipt is gotten and confirmed. The bookkeeping division pays the seller the measure of the receipt, accepting there are no disparities (Jonker, and Witte, 2006). On the other hand, variations to this procedure may happen if a thing should be subcontracted or if an organization requires a non-stock thing. 13. The procurement process is integrated with other processes in an organization. It is because of the procurement process is the base of the other process. The procurement process entails all the activities that are related to the procurement of the materials. If an organization completes the procurement process than it will be able to complete all the other processes production and fulfillment process in an effective and an appropriate manner (Bugdol and Jedynak, 2014). 14.The organizational levels related to the fulfillment process and relationships among the various levels are described as below: Sale Organization: Sales organization is the highest level of sales reporting. This level is responsible to negotiate terms and conditions and to summarize all the relevant data of sales in an accurate manner (Kowalczuk and Orowski, 2013). Distribution Channel: The distribution chalet is responsible to allocate the orders in an appropriate manner. Moreover, this level involves volume purchases and also offers volume discounts to the vendors. Distribution Chain: The distribution chain is a combination of both level sales organization and distribution channel. This level is helpful in order to maintain material master data and pricing conditions in an appropriate manner (Bugdol and Jedynak, 2014). Division: Each division is related with a product line and also acquired its own strategies. Sales Area: Sales area refers as a combination of sales organization. Along with this, each sales area obtains its own fulfillment documents to complete the fulfillment process. Plant: In the fulfillment process, plant can be a manufacturing, storage, office, and delivery plant (Jonker, and Witte, 2006). Shipping Point: Shipping point is to be found in a plant which makes sure that outbound deliveries are shipped. Credit Control Area: The credit control area is conscientious for customer credit values. Moreover, this level plays a critical role in order to determine customers credit limit that may be centralized or decentralized as required. 15. Plant, distribution channel, sales organization, and client are the major organizational elements in fulfillment process for which material master data are described. Along with this, the material master data are categorized into views and each view is related to one or more processes in order to define specific organizational levels (Kowalczuk and Orowski, 2013). Moreover, basic data, sales organization data, and sales plant data are the three views related to fulfillment process. References Abedalla, R.W. 2014. The Silo Effect of Information Technology on the Organizational Productivity: A Qualitative Research Study. International Journal of Computer (IJC) 15 (1). PP: 42-50 . Bugdol, M. and Jedynak, P. 2014. Integrated Management Systems. Springer. Cant, M.C., Strydom, J.W., and Jooste, C. J. 2009. Marketing Management. Juta and Company Ltd. Christudas, B.A., and Barai, M. 2008. Service Oriented Architecture with Java. Packt Publishing Ltd. Jonker, J. and Witte, M. D. 2006. Management Models for Corporate Social Responsibility. Springer Science Business Media. Kowalczuk, Z., and Orowski, C. 2013. Advanced Modeling of Management Processes in Information Technology. Springer. Lacity, M., and Willcocks, L. 2015. Nine Keys to World-Class Business Process Outsourcing. Bloomsbury Publishing. Leondes, C.T. 2010. Intelligent Knowledge-Based Systems: Business and Technology in the New Millennium. Springer Science Business Media. Okungbowa, A. 2015. SAP ERP Financial Accounting and Controlling: Configuration and Use Management. Apress. Rthlin, M. 2010. Management of Data Quality in Enterprise Resource Planning Systems. BoD Books on Demand. Sharma, K., and Mutsaddi, A. 2010. Configuring SAP ERP Sales and Distribution. John Wiley and Sons. Wagner, B., and Monk, E. 2008. Enterprise Resource Planning (3rd ed.). USA: Cengage Learning. Weele, A.J.V. 2009. Purchasing and Supply Chain Management: Analysis, Strategy, Planning and Practice. Cengage Learning EMEA. Weske, M. 2007. Business Process Management: Concepts, Languages, Architectures. Springer Science Business Media. Williams, 2008. Implementing Sap Erp Sales Distribution. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Zha, H. 2006. Interactive Technologies and Sociotechnical Systems: 12th International Conference, VSMM 2006, Xi'an, China, October 18-20, 2006, Proceedings. Springer Science Business Media.