Media Project - 1616 Words

Art as Technique 1. Defamiliarization is stripping objects or subjects from their individual or â€Å"familiar† characteristics and giving them unusual or â€Å"unfamiliar† traits to allow the reader to see it in a whole new perspective. An example of this is in Tolstoys defamiliarization of spanking, explaining the act as â€Å"to strip people who have broken the law, to hurl them to the floor, and to rap on their bottoms with switches.† The crude description removes the disciplinary context it had and creates a vicious and â€Å"savage† form of abuse. This continues with Tolstoy saying â€Å"Just why precisely this stupid, savage means of causing pain and not any other – why not prick the shoulders or any part of the body with needles, squeeze the hands†¦show more content†¦Or maybe the author was condemning the emotionless proposals of actual politicians in the time period that only focused on the economic growth of the country instead of focusing o n the ethical values that needed to be upheld. Either way, the author is critiquing the general lack of emotion towards the issue of Ireland. Politics and the English Language 1. When Orwell refers to dead metaphors, he means metaphors that have lost their authenticity and meaning, and has â€Å"†¦reverted to being an ordinary word and can generally be used without loss of vividness†, using iron resolution and fishing in troubled waters as examples. Original metaphors, ones that â€Å"evoke a visual image†, that he used to combat dying metaphors are â€Å"†¦more and more phrases being tacked together like the sections of a prefabricated hen-house† and â€Å"†¦an accumulation of stale phrases chokes him like tea leaves blocking a sink,†; successful at creating an original an authentic image in the readers mind. 2. I agree that politics and economics are a factor of the change in language over time. Major events in history almost always dictate what is appropriate to say and what should be omitted in texts or even in spoken language. An example of this in the real world is the denial of the Armenian Genocide being enforced so strongly in Turkey that several books of the subject were banned, as well as creating the veto of the adoption of â€Å"ArmenianShow MoreRelatedSocial Media On Project Management1912 Words   |  8 Pageswill explore a variety of literature connected with Social Media in Project Management. All relevant information connected with this topic of social media in project management will be closely studied and extracted from various sources such as books, journals and websites. Throughout this literature review a wide number of topics will be looked at such as, the growth of social media, the rise of social media, how exactly these social media tools are being used in businesses and simply how this trendRead MoreDigital Marketing And Social Media Project : Dove2535 Words   |  11 Pages DIGITAL MARKETING AND SOCIAL MEDIA PROJECT: DOVE ANALYZING REAL BEAUTY SKETCHES CAMPAIGN Nicolle Kayse Ferreira e Araujo Student Number: M00508064 Tutors Name: Jeffrey Pocock Final Word Count: 1147 words ABSTRACT This report is about how social media was important to transform Real Beauty Sketches Campaign into one of the most popular commercials of 2013. The literature review was searched by using online sourcesRead MoreEssay On Social Media Project737 Words   |  3 Pages Social Media Project The three schools I chose for this project are Miami University located in Miami, Florida division I school; DePaul University located in Chicago, Illinois non-football division I school; Delta State University located in Cleveland, Mississippi division II school. All three schools use various forms of social and after following all three schools I assess each school’s social networking strategies and I determine what was effective and ineffective and I made someRead MoreCritical Media Literacy Project878 Words   |  4 Pages People in the lower class are often portrayed as pitiful, unworthy, lazy people who aren’t good for anything. That is according to what the media shows us daily. Blue collar work is viewed as â€Å"real† work (Linkon). The lower, working class takes pride in what they do because they accomplish something that takes effort and skill. The working class requires effort and strength. There are good lower class citizens who work for the benefit of their communities. The working class is unfortunatelyRead MoreMarketing Research Project : Digital Media1497 Words   |  6 Pages Research Project # 2 Wyoma Svarczkopf Introduction to Marketing CUNY College of Staten Island 11/17/14 Professor Robert Allen Company Background Millennial Media (MM) is an independent platform for mobile advertising and was founded in May 2016 by Paul Palmieri and Chris Brandenburg. The stock symbol is MM and is traded under the categories: Other Services Related to Advertising, Other Advertising Services Direct Mail Advertising Services, and Advertising (New York Stock Exchange)Read MoreConstructivism and a Multi-media Project: Initial Questions and Problem768 Words   |  3 PagesTse-Kian. 2010. Students Perceptions in Developing a Multimedia Project within a Constructivist Learning Environment: A Malaysian Experience, Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, Retrieved from files.eric.ed.gov./filetext/EJ875781 Research Problem What are the research questions? What is the hypothesis being tested? The purpose of the research study is to investigate students’ perceptions in developing a multimedia project within a constructivist-based learning environment. Five majorRead MoreCommunication Techniques in a Professional Setting Media Project Outline1651 Words   |  7 PagesGrammarly Report generated on Mon, 27 Jul 2015 20:11 Grammarly DOCUMENT Page 1 of 9 ISSUES FOUND IN THIS TEXT 0 Contextual spelling 0 No errors Grammar 0 No errors Punctuation 0 No errors Sentence Structure 0 No errors Style 0 No errors Vocabulary enhancement 0 Checking disabled Grammarly Report generated on Mon, 27 Jul 2015 20:11 Grammarly NUR/405 Family Nursing Diagnoses Janet-Lee Matthie NUR/405 07/27/2015 BonnieRead MoreThe Media s Sense Of Identity And Culture.the Project Is Part Of A Third Year Media Studies Course Essay2493 Words   |  10 PagesThe following is a research report and the research done is aimed at understanding the way in which people consume online news and what role this plays in an individual s sense of identity and culture.The project is part of a third year Media Studies Course, MDIA 310 Cultural Identity and the Media at Victoria University of Wellington and is coordinated by Joost de Bruin, a Senior Lecturer at this university, each student in the class has undertaken the same research process. We were required toRead MoreAccording to the World Bank, PPP broadly refers to arrangements, typically medium to long term,800 Words   |  4 PagesPPP doesn’t work for all the sectors and GCC must be careful in adopting PPP for their various projects. It can help to improve the technology and national competitiveness by bringing in foreign companies with know-how and best practices. PPP will remove the expensive projects from the government balance sheet, transfer the risk from public to private and improve the speed and efficiency of the project. With the proper legal and governance framework designed, PPP can improve the investment climateRead MoreSocial Media Has Changed Society s Priorities, Characteristics, And Mentality1139 Words   |  5 Pagesbecome indulged with its copious functions, from making advanced programs to learning how to do new projects to social media. Social media has evolved over the years, from Friendster to Myspace to Facebook, since the late 1990 s, and people have incorporated it into their lives. It is the modern way for people to connect and communicate with anyone and everyone across the globe. Plus, social media is everywhere; people utilize it when they are on the bus, at the checkout line, and even when they

Beliefs of the Nature of the Universe Change with Cultural...

Many people have an opinion about the overall nature of the universe and about the role which humanity plays in the universe. For example, â€Å"Why are we here† and â€Å"What will happen to us after we die†? The majority of us don’t know the answers to these questions. Thus, many of us want to have a religion because it gives us the impression that we are secure in the universe. It also provides guidance in our life. I presume it’s easier to live with some sort of explanation, even if it’s incorrect. When asked, â€Å"What religion do you practice†? I reply, â€Å"I’m atheist†. I simply lack belief in deities. However, many people have preconceived ideas about what I am and what I am not. For instance, I don’t believe in God, I loathe Christians; I concur†¦show more content†¦On the weekends I hang out with my friends, go to the movies, and then prepare for the next day. Being an atheist can be difficult. It was my choice to become an atheist but I don’t have any desire to sway others to become atheists, it’s their choice. One of the things that are difficult for me is when the topic of religion is discussed. I understand people are entitled to their own opinions and I don’t think someone who believes in a god is wrong. However, I dislike when stereotype atheist as sinful and wicked people. It’s difficult to defend to others without seeming rude or hostile. Another thing that is difficult for me is when people try to preach their religion to me. I understand some religions teach that their religion is the only truth, and they want everyone around them to embrace it. However, it’s difficult to tell a person you don’t believe in their god without them getting offended and receiving negative comments. Being different in any way has its advantages and disadvantages. As an atheist, I am classified as a minority. After I discussed with my friends that I was an atheist, I started to receive the â€Å"cold shoulder†. None of my friends will communicate with me anymore and now I’m a pariah. However, I don’t regret telling them I’m atheist because now I have the great benefit of being true to myself. I no longer have to pretend and agree with someone’s religion that I don’t believe in. Although I lost myShow MoreRelatedThe Mega Marketing Of Depression898 Words   |  4 PagesCultural differences are celebrated as a way to welcome diversity in todays society. A culture defines the way individuals think by grouping likeminded individuals for the sake of society. Culture is defined as a shared belief, values, and behaviors amongst other individuals. With many individuals being a part of a certain culture, these individuals have different experience s. Essentially, having a different culture causes a different perception of the embodied experiences. Nature vs. Nurture isRead MoreMetaphors And The Natural World981 Words   |  4 Pagesto help us make sense of the world. A metaphor is defined as a figure of speech that identifies an object or an idea that is similar to an unrelated thing. The use of metaphors and the language that they portray help to create new insight into the universe. They not only help classify the natural world, and help interpret the scientific world, but they also set outlooks on individuals culture and society; however, some may argue that metaphors are an impractical use of our language that only complicateRead MoreHick ´s Hypothesis About Religions 1401 Words   |  6 Pagesare each describing a different aspect of the elephant. The same analogy can be applied to the major religions of the world. In 1973, John Hick discussed the idea for a paradigm shift in thinking about different religions in his book God and the Universe of Faiths. 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However, not just any question can be informative and often times when a question is used incorrectly it can lead to extremely damaging and misleading results. For that reason, it is exceedingly important to ask the â€Å"right question† when pondering problematic conditions of this world. What questions are considered considered to be  ¨right questions ¨ and how do you formulate  ¨right questions ¨Read MoreEssay about Islam in the Era of Globalization1283 Words   |  6 Pagesfeeling and action. They all believe in and they are all committed to Islam and its values of doing good and spreading it. However the concrete reality is that natural barriers such as geography and ethnicity in addition to political, economic and cultural barriers, under colonialism and post colonial era have obstructed the supposed uni ty of the umma. Nevertheless, the challenges and dangers muslims have been facing in the contemporary world ought to revitalize the awareness of unity and integrityRead MoreThe Catholic Church Essay1741 Words   |  7 PagesCatholics were deeply spiritual people who once devoted their lives to the Church (inglis 2007). (Giddens, 2010) states religion is necessary and functional for human societies, not because it offers realistic or ‘true’ answers to the mysteries of the universe, but because it brings together communities of worshippers and constantly recreates social bonds and thus strengthens solidarity. Many people believe that Ireland is, in some official way, a Catholic country. While Catholics are, by a mile, theRead MoreChristian Worldview and Multiculturalism3014 Words   |  13 PagesThe Christian Worldview and Multiculralism Racial reconciliation should be a top priority for every Christian, of any race or cultural background. But will this demand for a multicultural center of learning produce a less prejudiced society? Multiculturalists insist on greater sensitivity towards, and increased inclusion of, racial minorities and women in society. Christians should endorse both of these goals. But many advocating multiculturalism go beyond these demands for sensitivity and inclusion;Read MoreDiscuss the Marketing Environment1583 Words   |  7 Pagesorganization. The Marketing Environment affects the organizations ability to build and maintain mutually beneficial relationships with its target customers. Through continuous monitoring its Marketing Environment a company must be able to anticipate change and act in a pro active way rather than leaving it to a reactive reaction. It must also keep up to date by realizing any effective changing forces. It does this by monitoring SWOT i.e. Strengths, Weaknesses, Op portunities and Threats. 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Discrimination Of Black Minority Youth Groups In Uk Free Essays

Abstract Debates and discussions on racial discrimination have in the recent years gained in intensity. Whilst discrimination seems to have declined over the past few decades, it is still very much alive and well as seen in the UK where the black youth continue to be marginalized in many areas including education and employment. It would be remiss for us to think that discrimination no longer exists in the society of today. We will write a custom essay sample on Discrimination Of Black Minority Youth Groups In Uk or any similar topic only for you Order Now People are still marginalized on a regular basis due to their race, religion, gender, class, sexual orientation and even their abilities In view of the above, this paper examines the discrimination of the black minority ethnic group of young people in the UK. It explores on the various ways in which this group of young people continue to be marginalized and discriminated against. The analysis also examines how anti-oppressive practice can help address these issues. This includes defining discrimination and anti-oppressive practice, discussing the models of discrimination and drawing on examples of work that is anti-discriminatory. Additionally, the paper provides a reflective summary on why anti-oppressive practice is key to understanding of the notion of self. Part 1: The discrimination of black minority youth groups in UK Discrimination is an umbrella term that encompasses the social injustices perpetuated by societal structural inequalities along the lines of gender, sexual orientation, race, identity and class which result in the unfair treatment of a certain group of people (Dumbrill 2009). It simply means the unjust or prejudicial treatment of certain categories of people on grounds of race, gender, religion or disability (Dumbrill 2009). Black youths still marginalized in many aspects in UK Whilst discrimination has declined in the recent years, black youths are still marginalized in a number of areas. In the youth justice system, the Black youths remain largely over-represented. This is evident in a recent government report by the Criminal Justice System Race Unit which pointed out that the black youth were six times more likely to be stopped and searched, and three times more likely to be arrested compared to their white counter parts (YJB 2010). Such controversial use of â€Å"stop and search† powers by the police gives a breeding ground for racism (Verkaik 2010). Moreover, they receive differential treatment within the youth justice system. According to statistical analysis by the Crown Prosecution service, it was found that young black defendants were twice more likely be denied bail compared to their white counterparts (May et al. 2010). These findings are further echoed in a recent study conducted by the Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC) which found that the Black and mixed-race youths were three times more likely than the white youths to be denied bail (May et al. 2010). The study also found that the difference in treatment in the youth justice system could not be accounted for by the criminal history of the defendants or by the severity of the crimes, indicating that they were being discriminated against (May et al. 2010). They also appear to be discriminated against in the education sector. Most the black youth are less likely to be enrolled in the most prestigious universities. Whilst the number of minority ethnic students joining universities had increased from 13% in 1995 to 23% in 2009, only a few of them were enrolled to the most prestigious universities with high employment rates (Runnymede Trust 2012). In 2009, 44% of the minority ethnic students attended post-1992 universities and only 8% joined Russel Group Universities (Runnymede Trust 2012). On the other hand, a large proportion of the white students attended prestigious universities. Unlike the black students, a vast majority of the white students (24%) joined Russell Group Universities (Runnymede Trust 2012). These trends have significant implications on the earnings and employment prospects of the black minority graduate students. The media also seems to contribute to their discrimination. Media is known to make vast exaggerations and sensationalizing events surrounding black youth crime, attaching a level of drama to make it newsworthy (Okoronkwo 2008). As noted by Dorfman (2001), 86% of white homicides are caused by the Caucasians yet only the least frequent killings-homicides that involve the black youth receive the most coverage. The recent 2007 killings of Kodjo Yenga and Adam Regis received vast coverage, with the media depicting the black community as highly dangerous (Okoronkwo 2008). The two deaths were central to the media reporting on the rise of knife and gun crime amongst the black community (Okoronkwo 2008). But is crime really that bad amongst the black community compared to the whiteIs media portrayal of the black youth crime in the UK exaggeratedMoreover, is the moral panic really justified? Black youths are also to blame The problem facing most of the black youth in the UK has loomed largely not only in media but also in academic research with many researchers highlighting the moral panic about drug dealing, rioting, mugging and knife and gun violence among others (Gunter 2010). However, this does not mean that the black youth groups are totally blameless. Whilst it is true that they are increasingly marginalized in many areas, it is also true that some of the black youth are influenced by popular youth cultures associated with the development of aggressive behaviours and those that perpetuate black stereotypes (Simpson 2012). A considerable proportion of them appear to perpetuate the black stereotype through their ignorance and idleness (Simpson 2012). Some appear to be driven by celebrity glamour, demanding materialistic gratification without putting any effort to achieve such success (Simpson 2012). Some of them prefer spending their money and time on material goods rather than their vocational courses (Simpson 2012). Others appear to chase a get-rich-quick scheme and those that try to seek employment are often quick to lose hope at the first failure (Simpson 2012). But of course, this is by no means limited to the black youth. This is also evident in the white and Asian youth groups. Overall, the black youths appear to be marginalized in the various areas discussed above. There is need for anti-oppressive practice to address the discrimination of black youths in the UK. Part 2: How anti-oppressive practice can address the discrimination of black youths in UK As defined by Dalrymple (2006), anti-oppressive practice involves recognizing the power imbalances and working towards promotion of change to redress the balance of power and to challenge the wider injustices in the society. Anti-oppressive practice is based on the recognition that: Society creates divisions based on gender, sexual orientation, race, identity and class (Wood Hine 2009) Some groups of people are believed to be more superior than others (Wood Hine 2009) Such beliefs are deeply embedded within institutional structures (Wood Hine 2009) In order to understand the workings of oppression, it is important to understand the different levels at which it occurs. This is reflected in Thompson’s PCS model, which views oppression and discrimination as occurring at three different levels: personal level, structural level and cultural level (Penhale 2008). The personal level relates to personal thoughts, attitudes, feelings and actions (Penhale 2008). At this level, individuals form and share their own beliefs and values. The ideals at this level are mainly based on personal experiences (Penhale 2008). The cultural level relates to the ‘commonalities’ or shared values (Penhale 2008). That is, the assumed consensus of what is good or bad and what is considered to be normal. The structural level is where systematic discrimination becomes institutionalized. At this level, oppression and discrimination are ‘sewn into the fabric’ of society through structures and institutions such as the media and the government (Penhale 2008). The three levels interact to create and re-create patterns of discrimination as seen in figure 1. Fig.1 Thompson’s PCS model (Penhale 2008). In this case, at the personal level, the direct discrimination of black youths is evident where they are stopped and searched by the police severely compared to their white counterparts. This implies that the police view the black youth as potentially dangerous individuals because of their colour. Such beliefs and attitudes serve as breeding grounds for racial discrimination. Anti-oppressive practices must thus address the disproportionate use of controversial â€Å"stop and search† powers in the UK. At the cultural level, we examine where the views come from. That is, the shared assumptions that are made about the black youths in the UK which contribute to their discrimination. This equally needs to be addressed by anti-oppressive practices. One way to address discrimination at the cultural levels is through the provision of diversity and cultural awareness training (Dominelli 2002). The black youths are also discriminated against at the structural level through media portrayal of the Black and Ethnic Minority groups as highly dangerous. In addressing such kind of discrimination, it is worth assessing whether media’s sensationalisation of events surrounding black youth crime is justified or whether the media attaches a level of drama just to make it newsworthy. It is clear from above that the three different levels must be taken into account in order for anti-oppressive practice to effectively address issues of discrimination. However, an important progress seems to have been made in addressing the discrimination of black minority groups. For example, in recognition of their over-representation within the youth justice system, an audit and planning process was initiated by Youth Justice Board (YJB) in 2004 (YJB 2004). The action plan required that the differences between ethnic composition of offenders in pre-court and post-court disposals be reduced (YJB 2004). This initiative was meant to address the issue of overrepresentation of the black minority groups in the juvenile justice system, hence improving confidence in UK youth justice system. The black minority ethnic groups have also benefited from affirmative action policies which have increased their opportunities for employment in areas that have in the past been closed to them (Herron 2010). Such policies take into consideration factors such as colour, race, religion, gender and national origin in order to benefit a group that is underrepresented in areas of employment, business and education (Leonard 1990). In this case, the policies ensure that the black minority ethnic groups are equally represented and included in government programs. The affirmative actions are implemented in pursuit of equality by ensuring that the black minority ethnic groups are also afforded preferential treatment under law especially in areas of employment, business and education (Herron 2010). Another anti-oppressive practice which has contributed towards combating discrimination in the UK is the provision of diversity and cultural awareness training. The provision of such training programs in institutional structures helps promote equality for everyone regardless of their identity, gender, national origin, race and colour (Darlymple 2006). Such initiatives indeed contribute to youth work values through their commitment to equal opportunity. Extensive research has also been conducted to identify the various areas where the black youth continue to be marginalized. However, there is need for research to move beyond the quantitative phase and instead focus on anti-oppressive practices for combating factors that result in the differential treatment of young people (Darlymple 2006). With regard to educational attainment, there is need to develop innovative practices for combating the lower educational attainment of the black minority ethnic groups and their exclusion from prestigious universities. There is also the need to extend the Race Relations (Amendment Act) 2000 to cover the private sector as well. The act requires all public authorities to carry out their functions in a manner that eliminates racial discrimination and promotes equal opportunities and good relations among the different races (CRE 2012). Employers in the public sector are required to assess the impact of their policies on recruitment of the different racial groups. Similarly, public schools and institutions are required by the Act to assess the impact of their policies on students, parents and staff from different races (CRE 2012). Whilst this policy plays a major role in the fight against racial discrimination, there is need to extend the Act to cover the private sector as well. Additionally, youth settings can develop schemes for ethnic minority monitoring. Sometimes a great deal of ethnic disadvantage especially in the private sector may be unintentional and may not be immediately recognized by senior management (Wood et al. 2009). Monitoring schemes can help identify such issues that remain largely unrecognized and inform institutional arrangements such as schools and organizations to address the weakness identified (Wood et al. 2009). Clearly, more work need to be done on anti-oppressive practices and policy interventions in order to effectively address the discrimination of black minority youth groups in UK. Part 3: Anti-oppressive practice key to understanding the notion of self. An important aspect to addressing the issue of discrimination is self-awareness. In other words, understanding how own self can contribute towards inequality and discrimination. As argued by Dominelli (2002), reflexivity and self-knowledge form the bedrock upon which anti-oppressive practitioners can build their interventions. The process of reflecting thus forms a core part of working in an anti-oppressive way. We live in a world with potentially contradictory identities and for us to co-exist in harmony, we must understand and appreciate the various aspects that shape and inform our identities. Practicing equality thus requires the need to identify and understand own self, recognize the differences between self and others, and to value the differences. It should be remembered that many aspects define our identities and determine how we view people and how others view us (Moore 2003). Factors such as our race, religion, values and beliefs shape our identities and differentiate us from others. In many of these factors, we tend to have little control and they enter our practice without our awareness (Moore 2003). Practicing equality requires that we value our differences as opposed to settling for a clone of oneself through demanding uniform conformity in others (Dominell 2002). Unless we follow this path, our reactions to ‘difference’ would remain one that involves control or domination of others (Dominell 2002). The casting of people in a subordinate status based on the actual or perceived differences is central to the process of ‘othering’ them, which denies hem their fundamental human rights (Dominell 2002). The politics of identity construction thus plays an important role in confronting oppression and addressing issues of discrimination (Dominell 2002). Practitioners must be aware of the social divisions that occur within the society and the nature of their interaction (Dominell 2002). Anti-oppressive practice require that we value our differences and develop an understanding of the other person’s identity and position while at the same time reflecting on the privileged nature of our own (Dominell 2002). The understanding of oneself is important in order to effectively engage with the others (Donell 2002). As such anti-oppressive practices, is key to understanding the notion of self. It challenges many own social norms and sharpens own senses towards issues of oppressions and discrimination (Dominell 2002). Conclusion It is clear from above that the black youths in the UK are still marginalized in many aspects. The young black and ethnic minority groups feature in any description of social discrimination and alienation; and are often seen as suffering in measures of poverty, underachievement in education, mental illness, exclusions from schools, unemployment and overrepresentation in youth justice systems. To effectively address the discrimination of black youths in UK, anti-oppressive practices must take into account the three levels at which discrimination occurs: personal, cultural and institutional. There is also need for research to move beyond the quantitative phase and to focus on interventions and policy initiatives that can help combat discrimination and oppression of marginalized groups in UK. There is also the need to reflect on self and examine the impact that we may have on others. Knowing oneself better equips a person to build interventions to address the issues of oppression and discrimination Reference Ball, J., Bowcott, O., Rogers, S., 2011. Race variation in jail sentences, study suggests. The Guardian Barn, R., 2001. Black youth on the margins: a research review. Joseph Rowntree Foundation Commission for Race Equality (CRE), 2012. Ethnic monitoring: a guide for public authorities. Commission for Race Equality Dalrymple, J., 2006. Anti-oppressive practice: social care and the law. McGraw-Hill International Dominelli, L., 2002. Anti-oppressive social work: theory and practice. Basingtoke, Palgrave Macmillan. Dorfman, L., 2001. Youth, Race Crime in the News [Online]. Available at: www.buildingblocksforyouth.org [Accessed on 5th May 2013]. Dumbrill, G., 2009. Anti-oppression in child welfare: laying the foundation for change. The Child Welfare Anti-Oppression Roundtable Gunter, A., 2010. Growing up badBlack youth, ‘Road’ culture and Badness in an East London Neighbourhood. The Tufnell Press Herron, R.C., 2010. Superficially similar but fundamentally different: a comparative analysis of US and UK affirmative action, Durham University Leonard, J.S., 1990. ‘The impact of affirmative action regulation and equal employment law on black employment’. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol.4 (4), pp.47-63 May, T., Gyateng, T. and Hough, M., 2010. Differential treatment in the Youth Justice System. Institute for Criminal Policy Research King’s College London. Moore, P., 2003. Critical components of an anti-oppressive framework. The International Childe and Youth Care Network. Okoronkwo, N.N., 2008. The phenomenon of black youth crime and how black youths are portrayed in the media in the United Kingdom: whether the portrayal can be considered exaggerated, or if the moral panic is in some way justified International Journal of Criminology Penhale, B., 2008. Working with vulnerable adults. Routledge publishers Runnymede Trust, 2011. Black students half as likely to achieve the English Baccalaureate http://www.runnymedetrust.org/uploads/EnglishBacpressrelease.pdf [accessed 5th May 2013] Runnymede Trust, 2012. Work and Pensions Committee – youth unemployment and the youth contract. Runnymede Trust. [viewed on 9th May 2013] available from http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201213/cmselect/cmworpen/151/151we14.htm Simpson, A., 2012. Black youth: luckless or lazyThe Voice TUC report, 2012. Youth unemployment and ethnicity. TUC Verkaik, R., 2010. Black and Asian youths still victims of rough justice. The Independent. Wood, J.J. and Hine, J., 2009. Work with young people: theory and policy for practice. Sage publications Wood, M., Hales, J., Purdon, S., Sejersen, T. and Hayllar, O., 2009. A test for racial discrimination in recruitment practice in British cities. National Centre for Social Research. Wortley, S. and Tanner, J., 2008. Discrimination or â€Å"good† policingThe racial profiling debate in Canada. Centre for excellence on Research on immigration and settlement (CERIS) . Youth Justice Board (YJB), 2004. Differences or discriminationYouth Justice Board Youth Justice Board, 2010. Exploring the needs of young Black and Minority Ethnic offenders and the provision of targeted interventions. Youth Justice Board How to cite Discrimination Of Black Minority Youth Groups In Uk, Essay examples

Structure of Business Process Modeling - Free Assignment Sample

Questions: 1. Describe the functional organisational structure. Why do you think this structure is so common? 2. What is the silo effect? Why does it exist? How can an organisation reduce or eliminate the silo effect? 3. What is a business processes? Why is a process view of organisations essential to becoming a successful manager? 4. Briefly describe the key business processes in terms of their key steps. 5. What are the three data groups defined within an ERP System (SAP). Give examples of each group. 6. Describe the client-server and service-oriented architectures. What are their advantages and disadvantages? 7. Briefly explain the three types of data in an enterprise system and how they are related. 8. Explain the relationship between client, company code, and plant in SAP ERP. What are these typically used to represent? 9. Why is the material master one of the most complex types of data in an ERP system? Provide some examples of data in a material master. 10. What are material types? Explain the four common material types in SAP ERP. 11. Explain the key organisational levels relevant to the purchasing process. 12. Briefly describe the steps in the procurement process explained in the lecture. What are some possible variations to this process? 13. Explain how the procurement process is integrated with other processes in an Organisation. 14. Briefly discuss the organisational levels relevant to the fulfilment process. Be sure to explain the relationships among the various levels. 15. Briefly discuss the master data relevant to the fulfilment process. Answers: 1. The functional organizational structure is one of the most common types of organizational structure that is used by the business organizations. The structure plays a significant role in order to divide the organizational structure into functions as well as departments. Moreover, each department divided by the structure is responsible to perform specific tasks, functions, and activities in an effective and a more comprehensive manner (Cant, Strydom, and Jooste, 2009). Along with this, each and every department is also liable to handle one major aspect related to the product/service. As per the functional organizational structure, the top management is responsible to coordinate the efforts of each department and also arrange them together to accomplish the goals of the organization. According to me, the functional organizational structure is so common. The main reason behind it is that this structure plays a critical role in order to sort out the activities of a business around areas of specialization (Leondes, 2010). Moreover, this structure does not locate responsibilities in one particular person/group; consequently, all the people have rights to show their skills and knowledge in their specialized areas. 2. The silo effect alludes as a lack of communication among employees within an organization; wherever different management groups work on different goals in place of working together. Silo effect exists because of each and every department works separately and also focuses on personal objectives. Moreover, an organization can reduce/ eliminate the silo effect with the help of numerous strategies. For case, the organization should oblige the employees to work together for the success and growth of the organization (Abedalla, 2014). Moreover, the organization should motivate the employees to share their innovative ideas, views, and perceptions to accomplish the goals and objectives of the organization in a cohesive way. 3. A business process refers as an activity or a set of tasks/activities that plays a significant role in order to accomplish the desired goals and objectives of the organization. Along with this, in todays more complex and challenging business era, a process view of organizations is essential to becoming a successful manager. The main reason behind it is that, it plays a major role in order to reduce the silo effect within the organization. Moreover, a process view is helpful for the managers in order to understand all the processes of the organizations to accomplish the desired outcomes in an effective and a more comprehensive manner (Weske, 2007). In addition to this, a process view is helpful for the managers to make use of processes as well as systems to complete the work required to accomplish their goals. In his way, it can be said that a process view is crucial to be a successful manager. 4. The procurement process, production process, and fulfillment process are the key business processes. These business processes in terms of their key steps are described as below: Procurement Process: The procurement process involves all the activities related to the purchase of the materials like raw materials that are required to produce products (Lacity, and Willcocks, 2015). Production Process: The production process engages the real manufacture of the products within the organization. The production process is concerned with obtaining required materials in an internal way. Apart from this, the procurement process is related with acquiring desired materials externally (Weske, 2007). Fulfillment Process: The fulfillment process is related to the selling of the product. The process involves all the major steps that are related to the selling and delivering of the products to the customers of the organization. 5. Master data group, real-time data group, and transaction data group are the three data groups defined within an ERP System. Master data group involves all the important data related to the system. Real-time data group is related to the data that are required by the user for a specific time period (Rthlin, 2010). Transaction data group involve the data related to the transfer of the data and information. 6. Client-Server Architectures: The client-server architectures play a significant role in order to distribute services as required by the clients. Along with this, servers that present services are treated in a different way from clients that make use of services (Christudas, and Barai, 2008). On the other hand, there are numerous advantages and disadvantages of the client-server architecture. Advantages: The major advantage of client-server architecture is that there is a centralized control. Servers help in order to manage the entire set-up in a proper manner. Moreover, proper management is also the other major advantage of client-server architecture. It is because of all the files are stored at the same place by the server (Zha, 2006). In addition, back-up recovery, up-gradation scalability, accessibility, and security are the other major advantages of the client-server architecture. Disadvantages: The major disadvantage of client-server architecture is the congestion in network. The main reason behind it is that too many requests from the clients may lead to blockage in the servers. Service-Oriented Architectures: The service-oriented architectures are architectural patterns in computer software design by which application components present services to other components all the way through a communications protocol. For case, a web service is a standard approach in order to make a reusable component available as well as accessible across the web (Christudas, and Barai, 2008). Along with this, there are numerous advantages and disadvantages of the service-oriented architecture. Advantages: Service reusability, greater reliability, easy maintainability, improved software quality, and so on are the major advantages of service-oriented architecture. Disadvantages: Complex service management, increased overhead, and high investment cost are the major disadvantages of service-oriented architecture (Zha, 2006). 7. Organizational data, master data, and transaction data are the three types of data that are used in an enterprise system and also work together to enhance the performance of the system and business. For case, the organizational plays a significant role in order to represent the structure of an enterprise. Along with this, companies, warehouses, sales regions, subsidiaries, storage areas, and factories, are the major examples of the organizational structure. Moreover, company code, client, and plant are the major instances of organizational data (Rthlin, 2010). On the other hand, master data plays a major role in order to signify entities linked with different processes of the business. Materials, vendors, and customers are the examples of master data. Apart from this, transaction data plays a vital role in order to reveal the outcomes of executing steps process, or transactions in an accurate way. Prices, quantities, dates, and payment delivery terms are the examples of transacti on data. Moreover, these all the data work together to make a transaction and to execute a specific task in an appropriate manner. 8. Client, company code, and plant in SAP ERP are related to each other. For case, a client is considered as the highest organizational level that plays a vital role to signify an enterprise consisting of numerous companies/subsidiaries. Along with this, each and every company within the enterprise is symbolized by a company code. A company code stands for a separate legal entity, and also measured as a central organizational element in financial accounting (Okungbowa, 2015). In addition to this, a plant is an organizational element that plays a significant role in order to perform multiple functions and multiple processes in an effective and a significant manner. 9. The material master is one of the most complex types of data in an ERP system. The main reason behind it is that material master is used by different processes and each process makes use of the material in a different manner. For that reason, each process may require the data about the material that are not required by the other process. Along with this, the material master groups divided these data into different categories in order to manage these data in an effective and a more comprehensive manner. The material master groups also put together the data that is related to one or more processes to make the task simple or easier (Wagner and Monk, 2008). Moreover, basic data, financial accounting data, and sales data are the examples of data in a material master. 10. Material types refer as the major categories of materials that are based on the use of materials in the operations activities of the business organizations. Along with this, raw materials (ROH), semi-finished goods (HALB), finished goods (FERT), and trading goods (HAWA) are the four common material types in SAP ERP (Sharma and Mutsaddi, 2010). These are explained as below: Raw Materials (ROH): ROH are acquired from a vendor and utilized in the production process. Semi-Finished Goods (HALB): HALB are produced in-house from other materials and also utilized in the production of a finished good (Williams, 2008). Finished Goods (FERT): FERT are produced by the production process from other materials, for example raw materials and semi-finished goods. Trading Goods (HAWA): HAWA are procured from a vendor and also resold to customers. 11. The key organizational levels relevant to the purchasing process are client, company code, and plant. A client represents to an endeavor that is involved numerous organizations or auxiliaries, each of which is spoken to by a company code. A plant is the area where the materials are obtained (Weele, 2009). 12. The procurement process is begun by a trigger, which is for the most part a need to gain materials or administrations. A buy order is then made. After a seller is chosen, a buy request is created, which references the buy order for the things required. At the point when the things arrive, they are examined and put away in stock. In addition to this, a brief span later a receipt is gotten and confirmed. The bookkeeping division pays the seller the measure of the receipt, accepting there are no disparities (Jonker, and Witte, 2006). On the other hand, variations to this procedure may happen if a thing should be subcontracted or if an organization requires a non-stock thing. 13. The procurement process is integrated with other processes in an organization. It is because of the procurement process is the base of the other process. The procurement process entails all the activities that are related to the procurement of the materials. If an organization completes the procurement process than it will be able to complete all the other processes production and fulfillment process in an effective and an appropriate manner (Bugdol and Jedynak, 2014). 14.The organizational levels related to the fulfillment process and relationships among the various levels are described as below: Sale Organization: Sales organization is the highest level of sales reporting. This level is responsible to negotiate terms and conditions and to summarize all the relevant data of sales in an accurate manner (Kowalczuk and Orowski, 2013). Distribution Channel: The distribution chalet is responsible to allocate the orders in an appropriate manner. Moreover, this level involves volume purchases and also offers volume discounts to the vendors. Distribution Chain: The distribution chain is a combination of both level sales organization and distribution channel. This level is helpful in order to maintain material master data and pricing conditions in an appropriate manner (Bugdol and Jedynak, 2014). Division: Each division is related with a product line and also acquired its own strategies. Sales Area: Sales area refers as a combination of sales organization. Along with this, each sales area obtains its own fulfillment documents to complete the fulfillment process. Plant: In the fulfillment process, plant can be a manufacturing, storage, office, and delivery plant (Jonker, and Witte, 2006). Shipping Point: Shipping point is to be found in a plant which makes sure that outbound deliveries are shipped. Credit Control Area: The credit control area is conscientious for customer credit values. Moreover, this level plays a critical role in order to determine customers credit limit that may be centralized or decentralized as required. 15. Plant, distribution channel, sales organization, and client are the major organizational elements in fulfillment process for which material master data are described. Along with this, the material master data are categorized into views and each view is related to one or more processes in order to define specific organizational levels (Kowalczuk and Orowski, 2013). Moreover, basic data, sales organization data, and sales plant data are the three views related to fulfillment process. References Abedalla, R.W. 2014. 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